<p>The Frances Willard House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 1730 Chicago Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1865, it was the home of Frances Willard  and her family, and was the longtime headquarters of the Woman&#39;s Christian Temperance Union . Willard called the house Rest Cottage because it became a place for her to rest in between her tours and WCTU activities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frances Willard was born in 1839 in Churchville, New York. When she was two, her family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, a town recently founded by ministers who wanted to build a community with strong Christian morals. When she was 18, Willard moved with her family to Evanston, Illinois to attend the Northwestern Female College. She spent the next sixteen years of her life as an educator at a variety of institutions across the county. In 1865, her father Josiah, who stayed in Evanston, built a house, which remains as the southern portion of the current structure. Frances Willard returned to Evanston and moved in with her father in 1871 when she accepted a position as Dean of the Women&#39;s College at Northwestern. Unhappy with the role of women at the university, and frequently at odds with University President Charles Henry Fowler, Willard resigned three years later.</p><br>
<p>Willards resignation prompted a change in her life. She resumed her position as a travelling educator, but began to focus on the study of temperance. In the summer of 1874, Willard travelled around the East Coast to meet with other temperance advocates. She also became a noted public speaker on the virtue. Returning to Evanston, she helped to found the Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and was elected its first corresponding secretary and first president of the Chicago chapter.</p><br>
<p>Her brother Oliver died in 1878, and Frances decided to expand her Evanston home that April to accommodate his widow and four children. The next year, she was elected President of the WCTU. After her brother&#39;s family moved to Germany, Willard began to rent out the northern section of her house to friends and fellow WCTU members. This section soon became used as an informal headquarters for the WCTU under Willard. Willard died in 1898 and left the entire house to the WCTU in her will. Two years later, the WCTU made the house in Evanston its national headquarters. In 1910, the organization built the Literature Building in the rear of the property.</p><br>
<p>On June 23, 1965, the house was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service. When the National Register of Historic Places was founded a year later, it was automatically listed. It was surveyed by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967. Museum tours are now offered to the public on the first and third Sundays of every month.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original 1865 house was probably based on a pattern book. It was an L-shaped building with vertical board and batten siding. The 1878 addition was consistent with the architectural form of the house but greatly expanded it. Proceeds from the sale of Willard&#39;s autobiography were used to add large bay windows on the main facade around 1890. Willard made another addition in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The two-story house is in the Carpenter Gothic style. It is painted pearl grey and has white trim. The front of the house has two columned porches. Three small porches lead to other entrances, and the second floor has a balcony on the rear. The three gables on the main facade have decorative trim and a turned finial in the center. There are seventeen rooms in the house, most with oak and walnut flooring.</p><br>
<p>Crow Island School in Winnetka, Illinois, is an elementary school significant for its progressive philosophy and its International Style architecture. The design of its building was a collaboration between the Chicago firm of Perkins, Wheeler and Will and Eero Saarinen. It currently serves kindergarten through fourth grade students. The school was established in 1940-41. The original jungle gym is located here, having been moved from Horace Mann School in 1940. The school was awarded the Twenty-five Year Award by the American Institute of Architects in 1971. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Progressive education flourished in the 1920s and continued to develop in the 1930s. However, because of economic hardship during the Great Depression, few new schools had been built to accommodate the movement. Carleton Washburne was a regional leader in progressive thought and, as superintendent of schools in Winnetka, Illinois, sought to establish a new school.</p><br>
<p>Larry Perkins, Philip Will, Jr., and Todd Wheeler had recently formed the architectural firm and this was one of their first commissions. Perkins was the son of Dwight H. Perkins, the former Chief Architect for the Chicago Board of Education; the elder Perkins designed two schools in Winnetka. The Perkins family had connections on the Winnetka School Board as well as superintendent Washburne. Although Washburne was interested in the firm&#39;s modern approach to architecture, he was concerned about their lack of experience. He changed his mind when Larry Perkins suggested a collaboration with Eliel and Eero Saarinen. The Saarinens, who were interested in an innovative educational project, agreed to help.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Perkins, Wheeler & Will were responsible for the bulk of the early design. They interviewed students and teachers about the project and sat in on classes. They had to design the building for the modest sum of $287,000 in construction cost. A site for the school was selected on Crow Island, a high spot in the Skokie Marsh bordering the Crow Island Woods. The swamp was filled with landfill from two Works Progress Administration projects in the area: the Skokie Lagoons Project and a track depression for the Chicago and North Western Railway. John McFadzean and Robert Everly were consulted to design a park-like atmosphere for the school grounds.</p><br>
<p>The school has four wings emerging from a central building with common rooms. This design allows each classroom to have its own outdoor courtyard. Each wing also has its own playground, two of which feature experimental examples of a jungle gym. The Saarinens designed a hexagonal sandbox for the northwest wing. The main entrance is under a chimney overhang on the west, with an additional entrance for the kindergarten on the east. The one-story building is flat with the exception of a 50 ft chimney emerging from the north face, providing a "fifth wing" stretching vertically.</p><br>
<p>The school was one of the first to be designed in the international style of architecture in North America. Its aesthetics and form, although not its planning or educational model, soon became a template for mid-century and factory model schools.</p><br>
<p>Perkins, Wheeler & Will used the profits from the design to commission Hedrich Blessing Photographers to photograph the building. Perkins & Will would go on to design over five hundred schools.</p><br>
<p>The Manchester Bury & Bolton Reservoir, commonly called Elton Reservoir, is located near the A58 Bolton Road in Greater Manchester, about 3 km  south west of the town of Bury. Constructed in 1842 at the height of the canal era, it remains today as legacy of the industrial era and a major leisure facility for residents of Bury, Bolton and North Manchester.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir covers 226,000 sq m (56 acres) and contains some 1 million cubic metres (220 million imperial gallons). It is an important area for both resident and migrating water fowl, attracting many species throughout the year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was constructed and opened in 1842 as a feeder for the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal. The water was used to top up the canal as water was lost at the bottom end of the canal. Initially, water was to have been taken from the River Irwell, however local mill owners objected citing a loss of water for their mills so the reservoir was constructed. Today water is still taken from the Irwell at Burrs Country Park and taken by feeder channel to Elton Reservoir which in turn feeds the remains of the canal.</p><br>
<h2>Leisure use</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir has been used for leisure since the Elton Club was founded in 1858. This club was initially for Gentlemen and their sons to engage in the pursuit of fishing. The club later became the Elton Sailing Club and since 1870, the club has carried out sailing activities. The reservoir is also used for sailing activities by local community groups, Greater Manchester Police</p><br>
<p>Sailing & Windsurfing Section and the scouts. The Triathlon clubs of Rochdale and Bolton also use the reservoir for Open Water swimming. The reservoir is now an important fishery in the north west of England managed by Bury Angling Association. The coarse fishery contains many species including, bream, pike, carp, tench and roach.</p><br>
<p>The National Cycle Route 6 passes alongside the reservoir. There is 6.5 km (4 ml) walking path around the reservoir which is described in the Bury Council book entitled "Walks Around Bury", Copies can be obtained at local libraries and Bury Tourist Information Centre or downloaded from the Bury MBC web site</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church, known also as First United Presbyterian Church, is a church located at 602 Vermillion Street in downtown Hastings, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is significant for its Romanesque architecture. The building is characterized by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, large towers, and decorative arcading.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1855 by Reverend Charles LeDuc, the brother of William LeDuc. The congregation built a stone church at that time, then decided to build a new, larger church in 1875. It was designed by Charles N. Daniels. Because of financial difficulties, it took nearly seven years to finish the building, although it was complete enough to host its first services in 1881.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the tall steeple was struck by lightning, which started a fire that left the church gutted. Architect Harry Wild Jones from Minneapolis was hired to design the restoration. He was asked to make the new church resemble the original as much as possible, so both the interior and the exterior are his work.</p><br>
<p>The Thompson-Fasbender House, located at 649 West 4th Street in Hastings, Minnesota is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1880 by William Thompson who came to Minnesota in 1857 from Maine. He was a banker, wheat-buyer, and land-owner who also was part-owner of a saw mill and door and sash factory. His access to woodworkers is reflected in the home&#39;s finishing. Its Second Empire architecture is reflected in its mansard roof featuring scalloped wooden shingles and bracketed cornices.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, Dr. Herman Fasbender, Sr. purchased the home and transformed it into Saint Raphael Hospital, which had been housed in the VanDyke-Libby House. When the Regina Memorial Hospital opened in 1953, Saint Raphael closed and the house was converted into a tenement building; Fasbender then moved his practice to the Fasbender Clinic building. Today the home is a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sembrano is a mountain located between Rizal and Laguna of the CALABARZON region in the Philippines. Mt. Sembrano is situated about 60 km east by road from the capital city of Manila.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sembrano lies between the boundaries of the towns of Jalajala and Pililla in Rizal province and the town of Pakil in Laguna. The mountain sits at the helm of Jalajala peninsula along the shore of Laguna de Bay and is surrounded by the lake on three sides. Along with Talim Island, the mountain forms the southeastern rim of the Laguna Caldera.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Once a haven of New Peoples Army insurgents, the mountain is now a popular hiking destination offering a commanding view of Laguna de Bay, Talim Island, and the Tagalog provinces of Rizal and Laguna. Mount Susong Dalaga (Maidens breast Mountain), a conical hill resembling the female breast which is the highest peak of neighboring Talim Island, is best observed from Mt. Sembrano. Other mountains visible from the summit are Mount Banahaw, Mount Makiling and the Sierra Madre Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Starting point</h3><br>
<p>The most common starting point for the climb up the mountain is from the Barangay Hall in Brgy. Malaya in Pililla, Rizal where climbers must register themselves. The hike to the grassy summit which is fully exposed to the sun, takes about three to four hours. Another trail starts from the Laguna side of the mountain in the town of Pakil, but is rarely used.</p><br>
<h3>Our Lady of Maulawin</h3><br>
<p>Mount Sembrano is considered sacred by some people and known for the legend of the miraculous discovery of the icon of Our Lady of Maulawin. In 1909, a group of loggers climbed Mt. Sembrano to cut logs. Felipe Reyno was the one who cut a maulawin tree. The 5 logs was sold in Sta. Cruz, Laguna. In 1910, when an intended shelter for cows was started, the posts was prepared first. A carpenter took the maulawin log (molave) but his saw broke because not only it was young, it was also very hard. He borrowed another saw to continue the cutting, he was completely amazed to see an image of the Virgin Mary imprinted in it. It was completely supernatural because resembling like lead in a pencil, any part of the log if cut it has the same image even to the trunks and branches. Two chops of wood is now enshrined at the Aglipayan church of Santa Cruz in Laguna, one in the side altar and another in an adjacent chapel dedicated for her. A small chapel is placed on the site where the image was discovered.</p><br>
<h3>Other points of interest</h3><br>
<p>Another point along the trail is a big boulder referred to as the Simbahan (Church) where pilgrims leave candles on the huge rock where footprints imprinted on top are supposedly left by the Virgin Mary.</p><br>
<p>Five minutes off the trail is the small Manggahan waterfall, located left of the campsite if you are on your way up. The falls provide water for overnight campers and day trekkers.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Pacific Railway Depot in Little Falls, Minnesota is a depot designed by notable architect Cass Gilbert in 1899. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Gilbert was a prominent architect in Minnesota, having designed the Minnesota State Capitol and other buildings. The Little Falls depot was one of Cass Gilberts last works before he moved east to New York City. In 1899, the Northern Pacific Railway hired Gilbert to design a depot at a cost not exceeding $7,000. The depot, built of sandstone, wood, and brick, mixed the Shingle Style and American Craftsman style of architecture. The steeply pitched roof was originally covered with cedar shingles. The depot was in use until 1979, when a fire broke out and damaged the roof and the ladies waiting room. A local community group acquired the building and renovated the building. It now houses the Little Falls Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>Laguna de Leche  is the largest natural fresh water lake in Cuba. It is located in the wetland of northern Ciego de Ávila Province, 5 km north of Morón, and has a total surface of 67.2 km&sup2;. </p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The white color is caused by the lake&#39;s limestone bed. Natural movements of the sea level cause disturbances in the water table, which releases lime particles from the lake bed into the water.</p><br>
<p>A channel built in 1940 (Chicola Channel) connected the lake to the Bay of Buena Vista, allowing for the sugar processed in Morón to reach the small port of Chicola. In the process, the lake was contaminated with sea water, and it lost its characteristic white color. The channel was closed in 1988, and the milky color gradually recovered.</p><br>
<p>The Caribbean flamingo finds a natural habitat in the lake and its islands</p><br>
<p>The William G. LeDuc House, also known as the LeDuc Historic Estate, located at 1629 Vermillion Street in Hastings, Minnesota, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built over several years, and completed in 1865, by William G. LeDuc who came to Minnesota in 1850 from Ohio. He was an attorney who represented a party to a suit involving Vermillion Falls, 1,500 ft southeast of the homesite. As payment for his services, Le Duc received the land where he built his house. LeDuc was a Civil War veteran and USA Commissioner of Agriculture under President Hayes .</p><br>
<p>The estate is an unusually complete example of the Carpenter Gothic style of Andrew Jackson Downing, a pioneer in American landscape architecture. William and (his wife) Mary LeDuc used Downing’s book, Cottage Residences, as inspiration for their home (Downing himself had died in 1852). The home was the first property to be acquired by the Minnesota Historical Society in the late 1950s but sat empty until 2005, when it was acquired by the Dakota County Historical Society and $1.2 million was raised to restore the home and grounds to their former glory.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the LeDuc house began in 1862 and was completed in 1866. Following LeDuc’s service as Quartermaster in the Civil War, the family moved into the unfinished home in August, 1865. In March, 1865 he had been brevetted a brigadier general for “efficiency, intelligence and zeal in the discharge of his duties”.</p><br>
<p>William G. LeDuc came to St. Paul, Minnesota Territory in 1850 from Ohio to open a book store and law office. In 1854 he purchased a quarter share in the town of Hastings from Alexander Faribault. In 1856, he and his wife Mary Bronson LeDuc, with their two daughters moved downriver to Hastings, where they had also acquired two wheat farms and 160 acres with a small grist mill on the falls of the Vermillion River. It was on this property that William and Mary decided to build their dream home.</p><br>
<p>They chose a Gothic Revival home featured in Andrew Jackson Downing’s 1852 book Cottage Residences. Downing was a landscape architect and author, whose reputation as a horticulturist was widespread. He inspired Americans to surround their homes with the beauty of nature and encouraged the use of good design even in planning farmsteads. William and Mary chose three Downing designs for their rural home site; their residence, Carriage Barn and Ice House. The estate is an unusually complete example of theGothic Revival style of Andrew Jackson Downing.</p><br>
<p>Carroll Simmons, a friend of the LeDuc grandchildren, purchased the home in 1940 for his antique business. In 1958 he donated the home and outbuildings with 4 acres to the Minnesota Historical Society, with the agreement that he would continue using it for his antique business until he retired, which wasn’t until 1986. Between 1986 and 2003 the future of the property was uncertain. Although it was the first property acquired by MHS, they had opened other house museums by the time they took possession. Needed repairs were done on the house and carriage barn, but the property stood empty.</p><br>
<p>Citizen groups actively sought out ways to fulfill Carroll Simmons’ vision of having the LeDuc house open to the public. In 2002 the Minnesota Legislature apportioned 1.2 million dollars in bonding funds for MHS to preserve the house and bring it up to current building codes. Agreements were executed between the Minnesota Historical Society, the City of Hastings and the Dakota Country Historical Society, which resulted in city ownership and DCHS management of the site.</p><br>
<p>The site opened for tours on May 22, 2005. June 24, 2005, the Society deaccessioned the LeDuc House to the City of Hastings. As part of the agreement, the Society transferred $604,000 of net assets provided by Carroll Simmons for endowment, repairs and maintenance of the LeDuc House.</p><br>
<p>The John Johnson House  is a National Historic Landmark in the Germantown section of Philadelphia, significant for its role in the antislavery movement and the Underground Railroad. It is located at 6306 Germantown Avenue and is a contributing property of the Colonial Germantown Historic District, which is also a National Historic Landmark. It is operated today as a museum open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Philadelphia, especially its Germantown section, was a center of the 19th-century American movement to abolish slavery, and the Johnson House was one of the key sites of that movement. Between 1770 and 1908, the house was the residence of five generations of the Johnson family.</p><br>
<p>The third generation was active in the Underground Railroad during the 1850s. Along with their respective spouses, Rowland, Israel, Ellwood, Sarah, and Elizabeth Johnson were members of abolitionist groups such as the American Anti-Slavery Society and the Germantown Freedman&#39;s Aid Association. Through their associations with these groups, the brothers and sisters became involved in the Underground Railroad and used their home, along with the nearby homes of relatives, to harbor fugitive slaves on their journeys to freedom. The Johnson House is a representative station on the Underground Railroad, and the Johnsons were among the leading abolitionists of their generation.</p><br>
<p>The house, then one of the largest in Germantown (then a suburb of Philadelphia), was built between 1765 and 1768 by Jacob Norr for Dirck Jansen, who owned the ground on which nearby Upsala was built. Jansen had it built for his son John Johnson, Sr. During the 1777 Battle of Germantown, fighting occurred nearby and the house still bears marks of musket balls and cannonballs.</p><br>
<p>The Big Hidatsa site, occupied between ca. 1740 and 1850, is an earthlodge located in the 1,758 acre Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site in North Dakota, United States. This National Historic Site was established in 1974 “to focus on the cultures and lifestyles of the Plains Indians”, and is a National Park Service Park.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Big Hidatsa site is located near the junction of the Knife and Missouri Rivers close to Stanton, North Dakota. This location was a stop on the expedition of Lewis and Clark. Big Hidatsa was the largest village of the three on the site, with about 120 round earthlodges. Fort Mandan was built about 2 miles away from Big Hidatsa by the Lewis and Clark expedition.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Big Hidatsa site and its neighbors are the villages at which Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery were assisted by Sacagawea during their expedition. When the explorers arrived in winter 1804, between 4,000 and 5,000 Hidatsa and Mandan lived in this area, and there were more than 200 lodges. Each of these earthlodges could hold 20 to 30 people.</p><br>
<p>After Fort Mandan was erected by the Discovery Corps, trading was conducted between the men of the expedition and people of Big Hidatsa. In fact, some artifacts from the inhabitants of the nearby site and its neighbors were sent to President Thomas Jefferson. Communications with the Hidatsa and Mandan people here provided invaluable information about the culture and history of the people in the west.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Depressions in the ground can be seen where the lodges once stood because the dirt surrounding the structures collapsed after it was abandoned. Several invasive species, harmful tree fungus, and the erosion of the riverbank threaten the site. The park has a rich collection of artifacts from the people who lived at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site is also a destination for Canoeing and hiking. Canoeists who frequent the Knife or Missouri rivers can pass through the park.</p><br>
<p>The Principia College Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the central portion of the campus of Principia College in Elsah, Illinois. The campus master plan and eleven of its buildings are an important late design of architect Bernard Maybeck, best known for his influential architecture in the American West. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993., and was also placed on the National Register of Historic Places that same year.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Principia was founded in 1897 as an educational institution primarily serving the needs of Christian Scientists. Beginning with primary and secondary schools, the organization (unaffiliated with the Church of Christ, Scientist but operating with its approval) established Principia College in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Initially based in St. Louis, Missouri, the organization in the 1910s began to search for a suitable campus location for the college. A former country estate overlooking the Mississippi River just south of Elsah was purchased, and college president Frederic E. Morgan hired West Coast architect Bernhard Maybeck to develop the campus master plan and buildings. Maybeck used the existing roads on the estate as a foundation, and laid out what resembles an English country village.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the campus is the chapel, which was the first permanent building of the campus. It was built in 1931-34 in Maybeck&#39;s conception of an American Colonial Revival structure, with a limestone exterior. Most of the other buildings Maybeck designed have steel frames and use concrete extensively inside, but have exteriors of stone, brick and timbering. In the later phases of the campus construction, the onsite work was supervised by Henry Gutterson, who also contributed designs for some of the buildings. One architectural oddity on the campus is what is called the "Mistake House", which was used as a design and materials test vehicle by Maybeck.</p><br>
<p>Sarmiento Channel is a principal Patagonia channel, which extends in a north-south direction. It begins with the Guia Narrows  and is located in Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region. The kawésqar people sailed its waters from around 6,000 years ago until end of 20th century, as they inhabited its coasts.</p><br>
<p>The channel is named after Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, who was a Spanish explorer who navigated the region&#39;s waterways between 1579 and 1580.</p><br>
<p>This elongated water passage begins immediately south of the Guía Narrows at and terminates at the southern tip of Victoria Pass at , where it joins to Smyth Channel. During the first 65 nautical miles, it runs in a general south-southeasterly direction, and is flanked by Chile mainland on the east and the islands Esperanza, Vancouver and Piazzi on the west. Then it turns abruptly eastward for about 4 nmi, where the channel&#39;s name changes to Farquhar Pass. It then resumes its general SSE course, merging with Collingwood Strait for approximately 8 nmi and finishing at Victoria Pass, a 5 nmi long channel that joints it with Smyth Channel.</p><br>
<p>The islands that border the channel are mountainous with summits that reach 457 m. There is a chain of mountains in the middle of Esperanza Island with elevations between 300 and 1,067 m. To the east of Collingwood Strait, rises the Cordillera Sarmiento, which is a heavily ice- and snow-covered mountain range with majestic glaciers descending to the sea. There are several bays on its coast, which can be used for anchorage of large ships. Along the coast line, some shipwrecks can be observed.</p><br>
<p>The Sabalana Islands  are an Atoll in the Flores Sea in Indonesia, lying just north of the Lesser Sunda Islands, closer to Sumbawa than Sulawesi. They are west of Tanahjampea Island and north-east of the Tengah Islands . Administratively, the atoll belongs to the province of South Sulawesi. The total area, including the large lagoon, is 2694 km², making Sabalana one of the largest atolls by total area. The land area of the largest individual island, Pulau Sabalana, measures about 7 km², followed by Pulau Banawaja with 3 km² and Pulau Sabaru with 1.4 km².</p><br>
<p>The individual islets are listed, clockwise from the northernmost to the southernmost (the western rim of the atoll is free of islets):</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Djailamu</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Sabaru</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Balobaloang-besar</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Balobaloang-ketjil</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Sumanga</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Makaranangang</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Laija</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Sanane-ketjil</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Sanane-besar</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Sabalana</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Banawaja (easternmost)</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Pamolikang</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Santigiang</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Soroabu</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Meong</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Matalang</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Balalohong</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Manukang</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Sadulangang</p><br>
<p>#Pulau Sarege</p><br>
<p>The Eagles Auditorium Building is a seven-story historic theatre and apartment building in Seattle, Washington. Located at 1416 Seventh Avenue, at the corner of Seventh and Union Street, the Eagles Auditorium building has been the home to ACT Theatre since 1996. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on July 14, 1983. has two stages, a cabaret, and 44 residential apartments. From the outset, the building was also in part an apartment building, originally under the name Senator Apartments: the four-story grand ballroom was surrounded on three sides by apartments. with many of the apartment buildings located near streetcar lines. The current configuration of the building, under the official name Kreielsheimer Place, has two stages, a cabaret, and 44 residential apartments.</p><br>
<p>The elaborately terracotta-covered building (designed by the Henry Bittman firm) has been known at times in the past as the Eagles Temple and as the Senator Hotel. The building was Aerie No. 1 of the Fraternal Order of Eagles (which was founded in Seattle). It was one of several places where Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke November 10, 1961 on his only visit to Seattle. The building also served as the home of the Unity Church of Truth from the mid-1950s until 1960, and was a major rock concert venue from the mid-1960s until 1970. Among other groups, the Grateful Dead performed here eight times in 1967 and 1968.</p><br>
<p>Besides its NRHP listing, the building is also an officially designated city landmark, ID #112272.</p><br>
<p>The Eggerss-O&#39;Flyng Building is located at 801 South 15th Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and named an Omaha Landmark on March 17, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in four stages starting in 1902 and finished in 1928. For fifty years it was the headquarters for the Eggerss-OFlyng Company, which manufactured cardboard boxes. The building was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by John Latenser, Sr. When the building was built it was common for business in Omaha to build warehouses near the railroad on the east and south side of town the Douglas Eggerss-OFlyng building being one of these.</p><br>
<p>The Eggerrs-OFlyng Company was founded by August J. Eggerss, a German immigrant, in 1885. After constructing the building, Eggerss merged with Ivyl OFlyng in 1903, who became the companys treasurer. At its largest, the Eggerrs-OFlyng Companys payroll was 225 employees. During World War II, the company manufactured cardboard boxes for 20 millimeter shells, 90 millimeter shells, bomb fuses and other items going overseas to the armed forces. For many years, it manufactured cigar boxes, and In its later years, boxes for foodstuffs. William Dennis Lane, who started with the company at age 15 as a factory helper in 1900, became president of Eggerss-OFlyng in 1932 and remained president until the company was sold.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the building was renovated at a cost of $3.3 million and turned into loft style apartments. It now houses 48 units. In addition to being listed independently on the National Register of Historic Places individually, the building is listed as a contributing property to the Warehouses in Omaha Multiple Properties Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Andries DuBois House is located on Wallkill Avenue in the hamlet of Wallkill, New York, USA. It is the oldest house in the hamlet, reflecting several different eras of architecture and regional history, and has been a Registered Historic Place since 1998.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Andries DuBois, a descendant of the original family of Huguenot settlers of nearby New Paltz, who built the house and farmed the land near the Wallkill River around the present-day hamlet. It was believed for a long time that the original construction took place around the middle of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>But several features — the gambrel roof, eyebrow windows, classically styled windows, full porch and alternation of brick and wood walls — suggested a different period of origin, or at least substantial subsequent alterations. After the Historical Society of Shawangunk and Gardiner acquired the house in 1998, it applied for and received a $7,500 grant from the Preservation League of New York State in 2003 for a historic structure report.</p><br>
<p>An examination of the structural lumber dated it, and at first the house&#39;s original construction, to 1769. However, that lumber, and an archeological examination of the surrounding soil, showed charcoal layers, evidence of a serious fire at the site. Further investigation showed that the fire destroyed most of the original house, but enough of the framing timbers remained in condition good enough to be reused for the beginning of the current building in 1814. The entrance, windows, porch and interior molding were added in 1845, all reflecting the influence of the then-popular Greek Revival style. Finally, in 1981 the current porch was rebuilt using earlier materials.</p><br>
<p>The dig also found a variety of artifacts, including early 19th-century American coinage, a comb and a child&#39;s doll. Lithics included debitage and a quartz scraper, suggesting a Native American presence at the site prior to the construction of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society is currently renovating the house, which had come to some disrepair, It will be used as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>The Cairn of Barnenez  is a Neolithic monument located near Plouezoc&#39;h, on the Kernéléhen peninsula in northern Finistère, Brittany . It dates to the early Neolithic, about 4800 BC; it is considered one of the earliest megalithic monuments in Europe, as well as one of the oldest man-made structures in the world,</p><br>
<p>along with the Tumulus of Bougon and Locmariaquer megaliths, also located in Great West France. It is also remarkable for the presence of megalithic art.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Dates</h3><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dates indicate that the first phase of the monument was erected between 4850 and 4250 BC, and the second phase between 4450 and 4000 BC.</p><br>
<h3>Secondary use</h3><br>
<p>Pottery found in and around the monument indicates that it underwent a period of reuse in the Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BC.</p><br>
<h3>Recognition as an ancient monument</h3><br>
<p>The cairn was first mapped in 1807, in the context of the Napoleonic cadaster. Its first scientific recognition took place in the context of an academic congress in Morlaix in 1850, when it was classified as a tumulus.</p><br>
<h3>Quarry damage</h3><br>
<p>Privately owned until the 1950s, the cairn was used as a quarry for paving stones. This activity, which threatened to destroy the monument, was only halted after the discovery of several of its chambers in the 1950s. The local community then took control of the site.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration and excavation</h3><br>
<p>The cairn was restored between 1954 and 1968. At the same time, vegetation was removed from the mound and systematic excavation took place in and around the monument.</p><br>
<h2>The monument</h2><br>
<h3>The mound</h3><br>
<p>Today, the Barnenez cairn is 72 m long, up to 25 m wide and over 8 m high. It is built of 13,000 to 14,000 tons of stone. It contains 11 chambers entered by separate passages. The mound has steep facades and a stepped profile. Several internal walls either represent earlier facades or served the stability of the structure. The cairn consists of relatively small blocks of stone, with only the chambers being truly megalithic in character.</p><br>
<p>The monument overlooks the Bay of Morlaix, probably a fertile coastal plain at the time of its erection.</p><br>
<h3>Construction phases</h3><br>
<p>The monument is the result of at least two phases of building.</p><br>
<h4>Cairn 1, before 4500 BC</h4><br>
<p>In a first phase, a slightly trapezoidal mound of 32 m by 9 to 13 m was erected. It contained 5 chambers and was surrounded by a double kerb. The first phase favoured the use of dolerite.</p><br>
<h4>Cairn 2, c. 4200 – c. 3900 BC</h4><br>
<p>In a second phase, an extension with six further chambers was added in the west. At the same time, Cairn 1 was enveloped in a wider and taller structure; its passages had to be extended. More granite was used in this phase.</p><br>
<h3>The chambers</h3><br>
<p>The 11 chambers of the Barnenez cairn are of the type known as Dolmen à couloir in French archaeological terminology. The term translates roughly as "passage grave". They are built of large slabs of slate and granite. Originally, all the chambers were entirely enclosed by the mound. The fact that several of them are partially exposed now is the result of modern quarrying.</p><br>
<p>Each of the 11 chambers is reached from the southeast via a long narrow passage (7–12 m long). They are arranged parallel to each other. Shapes and construction techniques differ slightly.</p><br>
<p>In nine cases, narrow passages lead to corbelled chambers. Normally, the corbel vault rests on orthostats, in one chamber it actually sits on the ground, forming a true tholos. The passages have slab-built or dry stone walls and are covered with slabs. One of the chambers has a dry-stone vaulted ante-chamber.</p><br>
<h3>Logistics</h3><br>
<p>One cubic metre of the Barnenez cairn contains 1,500 kg of stone. It is estimated that the quarrying, fashioning, transport and construction of such an amount represents about four work days for a single worker (assuming a 10-hour day). The original monument, Cairn 1, had a volume of about 2,000 cubic metres; it is built of 1,000 tons of granite and 3,000 tons of dolerite. It would thus have required 15,000 to 20,000 working days; in other words, it would have taken 200 workers three months to erect Cairn 1 alone. In its final form, the Barnenez mound is nearly three times as big as the first phase.</p><br>
<h3>Engraved symbols</h3><br>
<p>Engraved symbols occur in several of the chambers and passages. They depict bows, axes, wave symbols or snakes and a repeated U-shaped sign. One of the carved slabs is in secondary use was originally part of a different structure, an interesting parallel to the situation in several other such monuments, including Gavrinis.</p><br>
<p>The symbols on the engraved blocks resemble those found in other megalithic monuments in Brittany; in broader terms they belong to the cultural phenomenon described as megalithic art. One of the recurring symbols is sometimes interpreted as an anthropomorphic depiction (the so-called "Dolmen Goddess").</p><br>
<h3>Finds</h3><br>
<h4>Material from the original period of use</h4><br>
<p>Only Cairn 2, namely chambers A, C and D, contained Neolithic finds at the time of excavation. They included pottery, polished stone axes (of dolerite), flint blades and arrowheads.</p><br>
<h4>Bronze Age pottery</h4><br>
<p>Pottery shards found outside the monument indicate that it was reused in the Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). A copper dagger and a barbed arrowhead are of Chalcolithic date.</p><br>
<h2>Comparable monuments</h2><br>
<p>Similar, possibly contemporary, monuments are known at 22 other locations in France and on Jersey. Breton examples are Larcuste-Colpo, Le Bono, Petit Mont, Ty-Floc´h, Gavrinis, Île Carn, Ploudalmézeau and Guennoc (I´ile Gaignoc – sometimes spelt Guénioc) off the shore at Landéda. Those located on islands are generally better preserved. Chamber 3 B at Guennoc contains a small standing stone near the entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibition</h2><br>
<p>An exhibition in the modern entrance building explains the results of scientific excavation and displays some objects from the site.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Briard J. & Fediaevsky N.: Mégalithes de Bretagne 1987</p><br>
<p>Charles-Tanguy Le Roux et Yannick Lecerf, Le grand cairn de Barnenez - Mausolée néolithique, Monum, Ed. du Patrimoine, coll. « Itinéraires du patrimoine », 2003</p><br>
<p>Sampsons Pond  is a 310 acre warm water infertile pond in Carver, Massachusetts, in the South Carver section of town, southwest of Dunham Pond. The pond has an average depth of nine feet and a maximum depth of 14 ft. The water is clear with a transparency of 12 ft. Access to the pond is a paved launching ramp off Lake View St. suitable for trailer boats. Although there is no launching fee, the Town of Carver requires a sticker for one to park on town land next to the ramp.</p><br>
<p>A little known fact is that Sampsons pond was once a marsh. During the early 19th century Carver was a big producer of what is called bog iron. Sampsons pond was dug out for its iron ore. Much of the iron was used in making cannonballs during the War of 1812. This accounts for the rusty color seen in the water, as well as the pieces of ore that can be found in the area.</p><br>
<p>Crane Brook Restaurant and Tea Room, an exclusive restaurant at 229 Tremont Street is the site of the former foundry.</p><br>
<p>There have been reports of a large snapping turtle in the pond, named Sampson, after the pond.</p><br>
<p>The Calhoun Colored School  was a private boarding and day school in Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama, about 28 mi southwest of the capital of Montgomery. Founded in 1892 by Miss Charlotte Thorn and Miss Mabel Dillingham in partnership with Booker T. Washington of Tuskegee Institute, to provide education to rural black students, who comprised the majority in this area, the Calhoun Colored School was first designed to educate rural African-American students according to the industrial school model common at the time.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the school sponsored a land bank that helped 85 families buy land. It created a joint venture with the county to improve a local road so farmers could get their products to market. As the school developed, it raised its standards, created a large library, and offered more of an academic curriculum.</p><br>
<p>The principals house, the only surviving original building, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of the schools importance in the history of education of African Americans.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1891, the United States was still adjusting to the aftermath of the American Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Financial Panic of 1873. Many African Americans living in the rural South worked under the sharecropping system. The dependence of southern agriculture on cotton, whose price continued to drop, contributed to difficulties in the South making economic progress. African Americans, then called "colored" or "Negro", living in Calhoun (Lowndes County), Alabama were subject to white political and social domination although they comprised the majority of the county&#39;s population.</p><br>
<p>Conservative white Democrats had regained power in the state legislature and begun to pass statutes that stripped African Americans from voter rolls or made elections so complicated they were effectively disenfranchised. In 1901 the state passed a new constitution with provisions that created barriers to voter registration. These suppressed voting by most blacks, as well as tens of thousands of poor whites.</p><br>
<p>Lowndes County, in the Black Belt, had been an area of large cotton plantations before the Civil War. Devoted to agriculture, in 1890 the county had the highest proportion of Negroes to whites of any in Alabama. Most blacks worked as sharecroppers cultivating cotton.</p><br>
<p>Booker T. Washington, then president of Tuskegee Institute, spoke at Hampton Institute (his alma mater) to recruit teachers to help with education of blacks in Alabama. He told of the people of Calhoun and their great desire to educate their children. Two Hampton teachers, Charlotte Thorn and Mabel Dillingham, white women from New England, responded to his plea for help. They traveled with Washington to Calhoun to find a site and get a school built and operating.</p><br>
<p>Thorn and Dillingham used their extensive networks among families and friends to raise funds and receive donations of all kinds. They also used the Hampton Institute publication, The Southern Workman, to publicize frequent articles about the school and aid fundraising. Thorn&#39;s nephew, Sidney Dickinson, spent time with his parents during his youth assisting at the school.</p><br>
<h2>Hampton-Tuskegee model</h2><br>
<p>Washington, Thorn and Dillingham developed the Calhoun Colored School according to the Hampton-Tuskegee model. First, students would receive a basic elementary education and then an industrial education at the high school level. This model envisioned preparing students for the work available in the rural areas in which most of them lived. Boys would become farmers and perhaps skilled tradesmen, and girls would become wives and homemakers, as well as laundresses, dressmakers, or domestic workers. The best students were encouraged to become teachers and work in the community or outlying areas to promote further education along the Hampton-Tuskegee model. There was a great push to continue to improve literacy among both children and adults, and teaching was a high calling.</p><br>
<p>Second, the school was to be apolitical. The education was not designed to encourage African Americans to challenge the status quo. African Americans were offered a basic education that enabled them to return to their communities and support themselves within the system. Washington feared that if a colored school challenged the politics of the day, white citizens might refuse to allow it to open or would later shut it down. This was not the classical type of education offered to many white students in the north. Highly educated African Americans such as W. E. B. Du Bois thought the Tuskegee model was too limited and did not support it. Born in Massachusetts and educated in the North, including a doctorate at Harvard University, he argued for ensuring that the most talented students could get a full academic education, to advance the race.</p><br>
<p>In October 1892 the co-principals Thorn and Dillingham met with 300 blacks from the area who wanted to learn more about their plans to start a school. Many of the adults who came to the first meeting would work to build the teachers&#39; cottages, schoolhouses, barn, shop and dormitories that by 1896 comprised the full campus. N.J. Bell of Montgomery donated the initial 10 acre of land for the site of the school. By 1896 the school had a working farm of 100 acre; 300 pupils, of whom 40 were boarders; and 13 teachers.</p><br>
<p>The Hampton-Tuskegee model was based on educating African Americans to build their lives from basic skills. Critics thought that it conformed to white expectations of low aspirations for blacks in the South during this period. But it also related to the needs of the chiefly rural economy of Alabama, especially in the Black Belt. It did not emphasize human agency or empowerment for change, and most white citizens and some blacks would not have supported such an idea then.</p><br>
<h2>Fundraising, land bank, and road building</h2><br>
<p>Mabel Dillingham died of yellow fever in 1895. Her brother Pitt Dillingham, a minister, worked with Charlotte Thorn as co-principal for several years after Mabel&#39;s death. He also helped by public speaking and giving lectures in the North to support fundraising.</p><br>
<p>The founders, their community, and board had two major ideas that went beyond the Hampton-Tuskegee model. Knowing that land ownership was as or more critical than education to enable blacks to be self-supporting, in 1894 the school organized a land company. With a land bank containing more than 4,000 acre, they sold land in 40- to 60 acre tracts, with financing arranged by Northern friends of the school. In the first 13 years, the school issued 92 deeds for land to 85 people. The new landowners could build real houses on their land. Their three- to eight-room houses were each better than the sharecroppers&#39; cabins which they had occupied before.</p><br>
<p>Although Calhoun was near a railway, freight charges were too high for small farmers. Calhoun had been isolated by poor dirt roads that turned to slick clay in rain. The school tried to get the roads improved to enable farmers to get their goods to market. It took nearly 40 years, but Thorn Dickinson, Miss Thorn&#39;s nephew, was able to arrange a joint venture with the county. Using skills earned at Williams College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Dickinson laid out the road, the school students graded it, and the county surfaced with gravel what became Lowndes County Route 33.</p><br>
<h2>Literacy program</h2><br>
<p>Initially the school’s literacy program included oral reading, elocution, rote memory, literature appreciation, and home, school, and community connections. Additionally, outside materials were brought in to appeal to student interests, extensive discussions about words were held, poems were memorized, students were given help with articulation and expression, and students were taught to write their thoughts and spell correctly. "Connecting school and home" and the emphasis on composition were in addition to the Hampton-Tuskegee model.</p><br>
<p>Later the literacy program included night classes for adults. These non-graded classes were part of the Hampton-Tuskegee model. The missionary committee led community outreach. Students and teachers went into the homes of freedmen to teach them to read and write, skills they eagerly worked for. Outreach included mothers’ meetings, Sunday afternoon church services, and holiday community celebrations on campus.</p><br>
<p>Donations of money and books, mostly by Northern supporters, created the library at the school. While the co-principals officially adhered closely to the two-pronged Hampton-Tuskegee model, their literacy practice revealed a much richer model of teaching.</p><br>
<p>The Calhoun Colored School (CCS) began as a strict follower of the Hampton-Tuskegee model, but the school eventually developed a classical education. This emphasized thinking and problem solving. It included a multifaceted literacy program. When CCS hired college-trained Academic Department heads, they began to use teaching methods and materials that followed national trends. As new teachers from outside CCS came to dominate the teaching force, they created a literacy program that resembled those at some of the better northern schools.</p><br>
<p>Despite good teaching methods, solid curriculum and quality materials, the students of CCS did not make the desired progress in literacy. While these students were living in poverty, they were interested in education and had family support. The social attitudes of that era may have limited the thinking of the faculty and staff. "…it hindered their ability to envision African Americans as users of literacy; that is, while minimal access to literacy was made available, opportunities to use literacy in meaningful ways were delimited."</p><br>
<h2>Academic department heads</h2><br>
<p>From 1892–1945 there were six different Academic Department heads. Each brought improvements to the curriculum of the school. The first was Susan Showers (1896), who initiated literacy societies for students, home visits by teachers, single grade assignments for teachers, community socials, holiday celebrations, and evening religious services. (Partnering with the community was not part of the Hampton-Tuskegee model).</p><br>
<p>Clara Hart (1898) succeeded Susan Showers. She began the first free kindergarten at CCS, put reading instruction in every grade level, ensured the use of good literature for all the children, and furthered composition work.</p><br>
<p>Mabel Edna Brown (1907) was the first African American to work as Academic Department head. Her focus was to offer a more classical education, which was a major departure from the Hampton-Tuskegee model. She declared, "In all grades we are trying to raise the standards of thinking, accuracy, quickness, articulation, and correct expression." She doubled the time devoted to literacy instruction in the primary grades through the sixth grade, to comprise one-half of the school day. By 1909, the kindergarten was using games to teach reading, writing and math. The school also began to solicit donations of books written by African Americans for the school library.</p><br>
<p>Jessie Guernsey, who earned both a bachelor’s and a masters degree from New York Citys Columbia Teachers College, came to Calhoun in 1912 to begin her tenure as Academic Department head. Under her leadership, high-interest grade-level books were used to teach reading. She also increased weekly recitations, and reinstated using creative writing to teach spelling and grammar. She continued literary societies, debates, musical training and social gatherings. The elementary grades began using state-adopted textbooks, while the secondary grades used more literature, newspapers and magazines. The school added another year of study, to include grade ten. The growth in curriculum and community outreach strained financial resources. At the same time the county-run elementary schools for African American children were becoming more and more popular. Many of the CCS graduates had become teachers in the county school system.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s Edward Allen became the first man to be Academic Department head at CCS. He shifted the curriculum focus from teaching the basics of reading to teaching higher-order thinking skills. This was a major departure from the Hampton-Tuskegee model. During Allen’s tenure, he greatly expanded the library, both in number and types of books.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s R. Luella Jones came to CCS. She emphasized making the curriculum more rigorous, both to earn accreditation and to ensure placement of graduates in institutions of higher learning. She added college preparatory classes such as Latin, additional science and math classes, and made industrial arts an elective option. She also added grades eleven and twelve so that students could graduate from CCS. The library’s collection expanded to over 6,000 volumes.</p><br>
<h2>Closing years</h2><br>
<p>Charlotte Thorn died on August 29, 1932. She had led the school for more than 30 years following Mabel Dillingham&#39;s death in 1895. Although Calhoun continued as a private school for several more years, the Great Depression reduced sources of support. In addition, increasing mechanization in agriculture decreased the need for rural labor. With the Great Migration of blacks from the area to northern and midwestern industrial cities for jobs, the area population was reduced to the point that the school could not survive financially.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In 1943, the state of Alabama acquired the Calhoun Colored School. A new facility was built on the grounds that serves as the public high school run by the Lowndes County Board of Education; the county is majority-African American in ethnicity.</p><br>
<p>The principal&#39;s house on County Route 53 is the last remaining structure from the original school. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of the important achievements of the school and the role it played in African-American education in Lowndes County.</p><br>
<p>Sabana-Camagüey  is an archipelago that lines Cuba&#39;s north-central Atlantic coast. It is located off the northern coast of the provinces of Matanzas, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Ávila and Camagüey, and is bounded to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, specifically by the Nicholas Channel  and Old Bahama Channel .</p><br>
<p>The archipelago is developed on a general north-east to south-west direction, and stretches for 475 km from the Hicacos Peninsula and Varadero to the Bay of Nuevitas. The entire system covers more than 75,000 km&sup2; and is composed of approximately 2,517 cays and isles. The eastern islands are grouped in the Jardines del Rey archipelago, and contains Cayo Coco, Cayo Guillermo and Cayo Romano among others.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The coastal and marine ecosystem represented by the archipelago is undergoing conservation projects supported by the Global Environment Facility and Environment Canada. Mangroves and coastal forests effectively create a buffer zone between the agricultural coast and the sensitive marine environment. The Sabana-Camagüey ecosystem encompasses the Bay of Buena Vista Biosphere Reserve, the Caguanes National Park, as well as wetlands of northern Ciego de Ávila Province. A total of 35 protected sites are located here.</p><br>
<h2>List of cays</h2><br>
<h3>Sabana section</h3><br>
<p>*Cayo Piedras</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Cruz del Padre</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Blanco</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Cinco Leguas</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Ingles</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Falcones</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Megano</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Blanquizal</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Sotaviento</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Verde</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Hicacal</p><br>
<p>*Cayo La Vela</p><br>
<p>*Cayos de Pajonal</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Fragoso</p><br>
<h3>Camagüey section</h3><br>
<p>*Cayo Frances</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Santa Maria</p><br>
<p>*Cayo Caiman Grande</p><br>
<p>*Jardines del Rey</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Guillermo</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Coco</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Judas</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Romano</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Paredon Grande</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Megano Grande</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Eusebio</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Cruz</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Guajaba</p><br>
<p>**Cayo Sabinal</p><br>
<p>León Viejo is a World Heritage Site in Nicaragua. It was the original location of León. It is the present location of the town of Puerto Momotombo in the Municipality of La Paz Centro of the Department of León. It is administered by the Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura .</p><br>
<p>León Viejo was founded on June 15, 1524 by the Spanish conquistador, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, who was decapitated at the town&#39;s Plaza Mayor (Main Square) in 1526 by governor Pedrarias Dávila, his Lieutenant. According to Carl Bovallius, Subtiava was its original name, on whose vestiges was built by the Spanish city of León Viejo (1524–1610).</p><br>
<p>Settled by Spanish colonists, León Viejo originally had a native population of about 15,000 and it is located on the southwestern banks of Lago de Xolotlán or Lago de Managua (Lake Xolotlán or Managua), south of volcano Momotombo. The area suffered frequent volcanic activity, culminating in the earthquakes of 1594 and 1610.</p><br>
<p>The city was not destroyed by the 1610 quake, however due to the damage caused to the infrastructure and the seismic activity, the settlers held a referendum and decided to relocate the city to its present location, about 20 miles to the west. Nevertheless, the old city was gradually buried by the continuous expulsions of ash and volcanic stone coming from Momotombo, and by lake sediments.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of León Viejo were discovered in 1967 and excavations begun the following year revealing that the city had a similar layout to other cities in America at that time, laid out on a grid system with a main square located at its center. León Viejo occupies an approximate area of 800x500 mts2. Around the Plaza Mayor and on the surrounding streets, 16 ruins have been partially restored.</p><br>
<p>The city had three monasteries: "La Merced", "San Pedro", and "San Francisco", which remained active until October, 1559. The ruins of La Merced and San Pedro have been identified, however they have been damaged by natural disasters over the years. In May, 1982 tropical storm Alleta wasted the walls of the city. In October, 1988 Hurricane Joan caused new damages to the ruins, and in October, 1998 Hurricane Mitch affected an estimated 40% of the site, damaging several houses, La Merced convent, and La Fortaleza.</p><br>
<p>León Viejo is the only 16th-century, colonial city in America that has never suffered city-planning alterations during its history. This fact was the main argument in the request to the UNESCO when it was declared a World Heritage Site in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History of local archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The conquistadores found the country occupied by numerous entrepreneurial towns busy on the practice of the arts and peaceful industries. Dr. Berendt, great explorer and scholar of aboriginal people of Central America, in the light of philological results obtained by himself and by American diplomat Ephraim George Squier (1849), as well as traditions preserved mainly by Oviedo, Torquemada and Herrera, believed that the Cholutecas, chorotegan, Dirianes and Orotinas were descendants of the people who migrated from Cholula, Mexico. These people occupied the greater part of the country from the Gulf of Fonseca to Nicoya, its territorial continuity interrupted near the current city of Leon by the Marabios, and again a by an Azteca colony occupying the narrowest part of the strip of land between the Pacific and the Lake of Nicaragua, and the islands of the Lake. The King and his latest national capital wore name Nicarao (Conference read before the American geographical society, July 10, 1876, by Dr. C. H. Berendt). The former inhabitants of this region left abundant relics of their civilization in burial mounds, cemeteries, etc.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 Elphidio Ortega, Advisor to the Organization of American States (OAS), conducted 14 stratigraphic wells on the, site contrary to previous researchers, he suggested that the colonial settlement was not located on the native site, but rather alongside a prehispanic town. Lourdes Dominguez, a Cuban national also made investigations in 12 wells, both outside the limit of some structures from which obtained more 1100 pieces of ceramic evidence. After her research, Dominguez proposed the theory that the ruins of León Viejo site were built on a prehispanic settlement, since the abundance of ceramics was enough evidence to make such a statement, this theory came into contradiction with Elphidio Ortega, who concluded that the colonial city was established along an indigenous settlements, but not over it.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Devora Ederman Cornavaca, postgraduate student at the University of California Los Angeles obtained permission from the Department of cultural heritage of the Nicaraguan Culture Institute (INC) to carry out excavations in León Viejo, aimed at studying the impact of the Spanish society on the native populations of the region. The first area that excavated was near current limits city, and found evidence of a possible smithy, the second excavation made was on an agricultural parcel limited south with León Viejo, in what is now part of the buffer zone of the site. Unfortunately the final results report of this research period has not been published. But Cornavaca, states that the Spanish settlement was located outside of the native town of the area. (Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America an Encyclopedia - Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster. Pages: 401-402).</p><br>
<h2>Investigation</h2><br>
<p>The anthropological research Department of Nicaragua National Museum (MNN) conducted excavations and archaeological explorations in León Viejo, digging trenches 8 X 2 meters in width and length respectively, oriented north to south.</p><br>
<p>Excavations recovered material consisted of: ceramic, porcelain, metal, wildlife remains and human remains.</p><br>
<p>a fragment of a musical instrument, possibly a "Flute" made from remains of a human humerus was found, associated to a set of prehispanic materials. E. Espinoza, in his article on "Shamanism" in prehispanic Nicaragua, points out that the German archaeologist G. Haberland., registered in a burial zone, a musical artifact associated with human remains that probably belonged to a shaman; hence it is inferred that this type of object is linked to a ritual or ceremony.</p><br>
<p>It is important to note that in the Cathedral a skull trepanation (surgical intervention) specimen was found, of a woman belonging to the prehispanic population.</p><br>
<p>One of the few cases with this type of surgery (trepanation) recorded in the history of the Nicaraguan archaeology of. The abundance of pottery, stone artifacts as chalcedony, basalt, and fragments of prismatic knives (Obsidian), which was probably brought from different sources in the Central American region. This allows assumptions about forms of trade in prehispanic peoples. It is a coveted raw material in many great ancient cultures that used it for the production of domestic and ceremonial tools.</p><br>
<h3>Funeral burials León Viejo</h3><br>
<p>Found in the east sector of grid 3D, the first 20 cm, had previously been removed, this condition was observed in the next 40 cm, i.e. at the end of the second level. Morphologically the soil is a mixture of volcanic sand, clay and degraded of bedrock dirt geologically known as pumice, by which dirt takes a white color - yellowish and very soft texture.</p><br>
<p>Due to the soil characteristics, it proved impossible to define the morphology of the burial, no special arrangements were observed, only that the head rested on small volcanic stones "Tufa".</p><br>
<p>The burial is atypical, the skull is on the south side as if looking at Momotombo mountain, or perhaps the Lake, the position in which the individual was laid is not well defined, his right hand has the ulna - radius - in the chest and the right hand ulna - radius on the facial bones as if covering the face, metacarpal bones and phalanges are associated with the clavicle and left scapulae. It is possible that the burial may be an extended burial and corpse has been buried when the body became stiff which is why the hand is on the face. The skull has a hole at the top of the left parietal caused by circular trepanation or surgery which was practiced on the bone to cure some illness. Furthermore a set of holes caused by osteoporosis was observed through an electronic magnifying glass, the operation was performed in the same region of the skull (Personal communication with Dr. Henry Guerzten, Pathology Professor at the University of Virginia, USA)</p><br>
<p>The skeleton is quite complete and in acceptable preservation condition, according to biometric data obtained from the measurement of the skull bones ranges from 22 to 23 cm. and postcranial bones, the column including pelvis 55-56, femur 42, shinbone - fibula 34 cm, respectively, a height of between 1.50 to 155 was calculated approximately and bone anatomy infer that this is a young woman between 25 to 30 years of age, female. All dental parts are anatomically articulated and morphologically incisors teeth (spade-shaped) make us to infer that it is a specimen belonging to the Imabite people Chorotega indigenous population of the area. Over the pelvic region of the specimen a sacrum and coccyx and a lumbar vertebra were found, by the feet a package of bones was found that corresponds to the lower extremities, near the head found bone remains of bones belonging to the upper limbs of another individual, the perturbed human remains mixed seem to correspond to a mature adult, male.</p><br>
<p>With regard to the interpretation of the cultural context of this funerary burial, it is important to clarify that burial space is not on a main altar, is another area of burial, although this space is also considered a place privileged in the Church, it is difficult to infer whether the burial was disturbed when the different were stages of construction of the most important Spanish religious temple was erected in the city, but do not discard the possibility the corpse to retain his place and position.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence shows that there was disturbance of the human remains of other specimens, and not with the individual unearthed in grid 3D and was buried as looking at the volcano. If we talk about that it is an individual of the prehispanic population; then it is possible that the orientation of this person have some link with a ritual, a ceremonial act or a human sacrifice to honor one of their gods, the God of the mountain, the God of heights or the Momotombo volcano, prehispanic population feared these large volcanoes, but also paid tributes because they associated height to their gods, they believed that being in the highest places could come into contact with one of their gods.</p><br>
<p>The team resorted to data on burials types recorded both in Europe and America: as noted by Goodwin (1945), burial rites are closely delimited by customs, and the position and orientation of the body can help show the distribution of a cultural group, both in space as time. Variations in type of burial that are associated with a given people can contribute to determining differences in beliefs and customs, although as noted Ucko (1969), the ethnographic interpretation of burials can be a risky affair. That there were considerable variations in the type of burial even in prehistoric times is something that has been left clearly exposed Marija (1956), but the interpretation is not always easy.</p><br>
<p>The presence of stone artifacts is remarkable, as fragments of prismatic knives made of Obsidian (volcanic glass), reported chips of obsidian, chalcedony quartz, wildlife remains corresponding to small mammals, reptiles, birds and fish, part of these materials were associated with the human bones. Indigenous peoples that lived around the city, in what could have been the largest settlement around Imabite, with about 15 thousand people according to Oviedo.</p><br>
<h3>Funerary Burials 2</h3><br>
<p>This second burial was located between the southern profile grid (C - 1A) and north grid profile (C - 1B) the skeleton has the body and head tilted slightly to the northwest, with the feet below the first step of the altar.</p><br>
<p>The burial was discovered below the human remains that correspond to the second Archbishop who arrived in Nicaragua in 1540 fray Francisco Mendavia, and was buried between 80 and 100 cm deep at the altar of the Cathedral. The bones under Mendavia tomb were found at between 160–180 cm depth, the specimen was buried with the head toward the west side and face toward where the sun rises or facing the altar, the skeleton was anatomically articulated in a stretched position with both arms parallel to the femur, this burial form is not a Christian habit, it is more associated with prehispanic burials. Human remains are: properly articulated skull, clavicles, shoulder, humor bone, dices - radius, femurs, ulna - fibulae, cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, pelvis and bones of both hands and feet. Biometric data from the specimen are as follows: skull 23 cm, left femur 44 cm, right tibia 36 cm and the column including the pelvis 55 cm, infer that the height of the individual range between 1.55 to 1.60 cm approximately. According to the biological characteristics of bones and teeth appear to correspond to an adult individual female, 30–35 years of age approximately.</p><br>
<p>Most of the molars display a very marked wear that is typical of the prehispanic Nicaragua population, the upper molars are spent in the form of channel, attrition in the enamel and well-worn dental cusps, teeth of this specimen were compared with a collection of dental pieces belonging to archaeological excavations and indigenous people. Pathological problems were observed in two dental pieces, the molar inferior M1 on both sides have lesions caused by decay, by examination through an electronic magnifying observed a set of holes mainly in the proximal and distal parts of the long bones that were possibly affected by osteoporosis.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological artefacts recovered during excavations</h3><br>
<p>During the excavation process several archaeological objects were found that corresponds to the pre-Hispanic period and a few to the colonial period, these artefacts were developed with different types of raw material, for example: lithic, human bones, clay, metal etc. The material have been systematically controlled and with great scientific rigor.</p><br>
<p>Fishing net artefacts made with fragments of pottery negative Usulután and oval shape, long 5.5 cm, level 6, depth 1.20 cm. C - 3D. Weight for fishing nets, one has circular measure 3.3 cm diameter and 5 cm wide and oval shaped fragment. Level 3, depth of 40–60 cm. C - 3 c. C - grid-2 level 1 c, a device was recorded with elaborate tip with red ceramic.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-hispanic ceramic</h3><br>
<p>The specimens found consists of 2239 ceramic remains, that include, monochrome ceramic, Lago Negro modeling, Red slip ware, Castle Esgrafiado, Sacasa striated, Managua Polychrome, Leo Punteado, Vallejo Polychrome, Usulután negative, colonial associated to Perulera and unclassified Perulera ceramic.</p><br>
<p>Within the material recorded during the excavation found a total of 17 ceramic monochromatic vessels with fabric impressions, they were distributed in the excavation.</p><br>
<p>Notes: The domestic pottery type monochrome vessels were examined through a magnifying glass and with X 40 Power. The test allowed to observe tissue impressions, noting that the printed fabric are different dimensions, i.e. size and shape, inferring that the cloth was of different thickness. Waste coal was observed and vegetal remains in clay, in some fragments could see varied pigmentation probably due to the temperature at which the utensils were used or the use in the kitchen. Ceramic vessels have been recorded with tissue impressions in the Managua area during the "Archaeology of the Managua Metropolitan area" project (Lange 1996, down: 43).</p><br>
<p>Test # 1: This probe test discovered an architectural well-shaped structure, consists of a hole of about a meter in diameter and was discovered at about 40 to 50 cm, depth. The discovered structure in the north wall of the building and in the surface part before the beginning of its circular shape, is made up of descendant levels in the form of steps, subsequently the well diameter enlarges as the depth increases. The structure was built on the rock or "matrix" known as pumice stone and was excavated to a depth of 2.30 m, it was undefined. The structure was not morphologically defined and is not known what its purpose was; to clarify these aspects further excavations must be made.</p><br>
<p>Lithic artifacts: Obsidian: the analysis was conducted on 175 artifacts recovered in the excavation at the main altar of the Cathedral ruins. The analytic process took into account technological morphology features, based on the quality of the material. As the sample did not have a large diversity of types and waste, the artifacts were classified into three basic categories: core fragments, chips and knives. The categories based on the stone tools are: tip points, knives, scrapers, axes, metates and grinding stone or pestle.</p><br>
<p>Knives: These are chips that have a length double than the width and parallel side edges. They are considered to be a superior cutting tool and associated with more complex sociocultural levels. The prismatic razors represent the technological apogee of implements because there are many complicated steps to make them (Finlayson in Lange, 1996. Page: 139).</p><br>
<p>A total 83 artifacts or prismatic knives were found, of which 50 seem to have been manufactured with raw materials from Ixtepeque Guatemala. 26 artifacts or fragments were identified as likely to have been manufactured with raw materials from the Chayal, El Salvador. 6 of the objects were possible manufactured with raw materials from the Guinope, Honduras. And one artifact is of undetermined origin. From the lithic waste (chips) 31 fragments were recorded of which 11 appear to be from Ixtepeque, Guatemala; 8 chips might come from the Chayal, El Salvador, and 12 chips seem to be raw material brought from Guinope, Honduras.</p><br>
<p>Quartz: A fragment was registered in the upper part of an archaeological artifact with anthropomorphic motifs, only displays a part of a face with one of his eyes, made with gray grey. The totals of quartz stone remains collected are 13, of which 3 were considered as fragments of possible artifacts and 10 are waste (chips).</p><br>
<p>Chalcedony: two items of this material were found, a complete spearhead with stalk, leaf shaped: measuring 3,8 cm long, wide on the proximal part 0,5 cm., 0,6 cm on the medial side and 0.1 to 0.2 cm, distal part. A leaf shaped arrowhead with its peduncle designed as if to be assembled on a wooden handle or other materials; the dimensions are: length 2.5 cm, width at proximal 0.6 cm, the medial part 0.8 cm, and distal part 0.2 cm.</p><br>
<p>This object is considered one of the most complete, well manufactured and defined, presents an excellent preservation state in its morphology; although some wear was noted in both sides, by which it is inferred that the cutting edge and its functional tips were used. This artifact is considered as a hunting weapon for smaller animals or determined for a more delicate and specific activity, its quality, design and finish allow inferring that it was made by people specialized in this type of tools. It was found with remains of pottery, animal and human prehispanic remains.</p><br>
<p>Lithic summary: 175 Lithic fragments were recovered and were classified as follows: 92 are considered as artifact fragments, 77 waste or chips, 4 core residues, 2 green stone residues. Two (2) of these instruments by its excellent condition were identified in the complete artifacts (material chalcedony) category, and as a result of importance, is the greater frequency of artifacts (fragments) of Obsidian prismatic knives (83), probably made with raw material from different sources in the Central America region. This allows an interpretation about trade, the exchange of raw materials or objects, which developed between the prehispanic settlements that inhabited the area of León Viejo (Imabite) and other towns of Central America.</p><br>
<p>Metal: A metal sample consists of a number of nails and fragments (63) of different shapes and size, pins (4), and undetermined metal residue. All these objects have evidence of rotten wood and decomposition (oxidation) evidence. There was a piece of metal shaped as a "key" 4.7 cm long.</p><br>
<p>Remains of animals at the main altar of the Cathedral</p><br>
<p>The total animal samples in quantitative terms are very small, but even so, remains of several specimens were collected that provide valuable information to the research. The animal remains collected in the excavation were separated in the most accepted taxonomic order: mollusks (47), fish (53), reptiles (21), amphibians (2), birds (37), and mammals (287).</p><br>
<h3>Hypotheses on the burials</h3><br>
<p>The city of León de Imabite, known today as León Viejo, has been dated from the initial European contact (1522–1524) up to its abandonment in 1600. Archives information suggests the fact that in this area there was human occupation and was used as an Imabite native burial area. For example, seven (7) funeral burials unearthed at the main altar presented anthropological evidence and characteristic features of prehispanic burials. Furthermore, 4 unearthed specimens are below the soil of the Spanish occupation, that according to the stratigraphic geomorphology are registered at a depth ranging from.60 to 1.80 m. and one of burials was found in a funeral urn with animal remains inside.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, many of the skeletons were disturbed and were destroyed by diverse vandalism actions which have limited anthropological results. This also had the effect that human remains of several specimens appear scattered and intermingled with other materials during the investigation. It is interesting to note that incisors (teeth) that are present among human osteology remains are spade shaped. This feature has a high frequency in the native populations and low frequency between most of the European population (Ubelaker, 1994: 26).</p><br>
<p>The anthropological biometric data of skulls, jaws and teeth of these specimens is evidence that they belong to the native population of the area. The presence of cultural materials totally predominant by prehispanic artifacts; such as 84 fragments of obsidian prismatic knives, weapons with well-defined carving (arrow), polychrome Managua type ceramic, monochrome ceramic, ceramic vessels with fabric impressions and wildlife remains, among others, are tangible evidence of the site occupation before the Spaniards arrival.</p><br>
<p>unearthed and exhumed human remains during four field seasons carried out in Leon Viejo on the three most important religious structures of colonial times, such as the Convent, Church and Cathedral de la Merced, the specimens are distributed between 11, 25 and 31 respectively, it was possible to determine the ontological remains of 67 individuals among men, women and children of different ages. Include Spaniards remains, between rulers and Viceroyalty religious.</p><br>
<p>Interpretation of Disperse Human Remains</p><br>
<p>These unearthed human remains specimens do not come from tombs or funeral burials, (osteology material disturbed by vandalism). During the excavation process a total of 25 burial were discovered of which most had articulated human bones and in some cases in packages of disjointed bones and skulls but feasible to locate anatomically.</p><br>
<p>The characteristics of these specimens, do not allow origin determination.</p><br>
<p>It was possible to diagnose pathological problems in some specimens mainly at dental level. In addition to the skeleton, considered most complete; a large number of human bone remains fragments were found scattered in the excavation, there is no specific origin, but it was possible to identify and associate with biological elements that allow inferring that they correspond to 5 male individuals, skeletal fractions that possibly belonged to 23 specimens of undetermined gender and 4 infants of different ages, all of which add to 32 individuals.</p><br>
<h3>Conclusion</h3><br>
<p>Based on laboratory tests performed on remnants with osteology emphasis is easy to determine the archaeological remains that predominate in the specimens come from prehispanic social groups inhabiting the place; while considering the burials found cultural historical importance</p><br>
<p>Another element that provides important data are the animal remains found associated with other cultural evidence. It is possible to assume the human consumption of different species belonging to zoological groups: such as large and small mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and mollusks. These records allow speculation on the ecosystems that existed in the area and therefore the possible diet of the inhabitants of the region during prehispanic and historical times.</p><br>
<p>In parallel to these studies, obtained a range of data related to architectural aspects and constructive systems of structures affected by the investigation. The presence of cultural materials belonging to the early colonial period in the site, in relation to utensils is almost zero, the sample is reduced to a few nail fragments from coffins and probably iron remains and nails used in the construction of buildings.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological records allow assuming that there are different chronologies for the León Viejo site. In considering results, conclusions and assumptions of research preceding ours, it is considered that archeologist Lourdes Dominguez conclusions, somehow match the results of the current research, in that the Spaniards built their buildings on cultural deposits or a settlement that belonged to the prehispanic population of the place. Not preclude the possibility that the Spaniards constructed and imposed their religious temple on a site where native population gathered and perhaps the main plaza of the native communities in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Lunar Landing Research Facility was an area at NASA&#39;s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia that was used to simulate Apollo Moon landings with a mock Lunar Module powered by a small rocket motor suspended from a crane over a simulated lunar landscape.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1965 at a cost of $3.5 million, Apollo astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and 22 other astronauts used the facility to practice solving piloting problems they would encounter in the last 150 feet of descent to the surface of the Moon.</p><br>
<p>The structure was used to facilitate "flying" a full-scale Lunar Excursion Module Simulator (LEMS). The LEMS was suspended from a 200 ft-tall, 400 ft-long A-frame gantry by an overhead bridge crane. The LEMS is now on display at the Virginia Air and Space Center.</p><br>
<h2>Post-Apollo uses</h2><br>
<p>Re-designated the Impact Dynamics Research Facility (IDRF) in 1974, the site was used for research on aircraft crashes until 2003. With limited funding for maintenance, NASA then closed the facility and it was listed for demolition.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, NASA determined that the IDRF could be adapted to support the Constellation program. It was re-opened in 2005 to conduct landing tests associated with the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Orion. The facility was renamed the Landing and Impact Research Facility (LandIR) and minor modifications were made, including a new parallel winch system to support full-scale Orion testing and a new hydro-impact basin (splashdown pool) below the gantry. Construction of the basin was completed in 2011. After Constellation was cancelled, the LandIR continued performing impact testing since the CEV will be used to service the International Space Station.</p><br>
<p>The facility was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its role in the space program.</p><br>
<p>Zaza Reservoir  is the largest man-made reservoir in Cuba. It is located in the Sancti-Spíritus Province in central Cuba, 10 km south-east of the city of Sancti-Spíritus and 11 km north-west of La Sierpe. It has a water mirror area of 113.5 km&sup2;. and an average volume of 750,000,000 m³.</p><br>
<p>It covers 2,413 square kilometers in the provinces of Villa Clara and Sancti Spíritus.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It was developed on the course of the Zaza River, which flows from Sierra del Escambray to the Tunas Channel in the Caribbean Sea and is Cuba&#39;s second longest river (after Rio Cauto). Other rivers that empty into the reservoir include the Yayabo, Taguasco and Tuinucú Rivers.</p><br>
<p>The Zaza Dam was built over a 3-year period and was completed on December 7, 1971, at a cost of 27 million Cuban pesos. A hydroelectric plant was subsequently added in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The water of the reservoir is used to irrigate the farmlands to the south all the way to the Caribbean coast. Fishing (both leisure and commercial) is also an important activity on the reservoir. One of the largest fresh water fish in the world, arapaima gigas, was introduced to the waters in 1980. There are also other important fishes such as: Tilapia, Trout, Claria or Cat Fish.</p><br>
<p>Blue Glacier is a large glacier located to the north of Mount Olympus in the Olympic Mountains of Washington. The glacier covers an area of 1.7 square miles and contains 580,000,000 cuft of ice and snow in spite of its low terminus elevation. The glacier length has decreased from about 3.4 mi in 1800 to 2.7 mi in the year 2000. Just in the period from 1995 and 2006, Blue Glacier retreated 325 ft. Blue Glacier is also thinning as it retreats and between 1987 and 2009 the glacier lost 178 ft of its depth near its terminus and between 32 and in the uppermost sections of the glacier known as the accumulation zone.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Starting at an elevation of 7,800 ft near Mount Olympus&#39;s three summits, the Blue Glacier begins as a snow/ice field separated by arêtes. As the glacier flows north, it cascades down a steep slope and thus, the smooth ice turns into a chaotic icefall, replete with seracs and crevasses. After the ice passes the icefall, the glacier ends up in a valley and takes a left turn to the west. Another ice stream from a snowdome located to the northwest of Mount Olympus joins the Blue Glacier and together, the joined ice streams flow down to a cliff at 4,050 ft. On this steep, barren, rocky slope, the Blue Glacier terminates after dropping over 3,700 ft in only 2.7 mi. The rocky cliff used to host a second icefall before the terminus of Blue Glacier retreated up the cliff.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Due to orographic lift and the glacier&#39;s proximity to the Pacific Ocean, more precipitation falls on the Blue Glacier than any other glacier in the lower 48 United States. About 180 in of precipitation falls on the upper reaches of Mount Olympus and Blue Glacier each year. During winter, most of the precipitation on Blue Glacier consists of snow. In addition, a significant amount of rain falls on the Blue Glacier as well, especially during spring and summer. Because of this high precipitation and the volume of this body of ice, the Blue Glacier contributes a significant amount of water to the Hoh River via Glacier Creek. The Hoh River eventually discharges in the Pacific Ocean after flowing down 34 mi through temperate rain forest in Olympic National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Hole in the Rock Trail  is a historic trail running east-southeast from the town of Escalante in southern Utah in the western United States. The Mormon trailblazers who established this trail crossed the Colorado River and ended their journey in the town of Bluff. The Hole-in-the-Rock expedition established the trail in 1879. The trail is located within the borders of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, the adjacent Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and federal Bureau of Land Management  public land to the east of the Colorado River. A geologic feature called the Hole in the Rock gave the trail its name. A modern unpaved road called the Hole-in-the-Rock Road  closely follows this historic trail to the point where it enters the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. The modern road is an important access route for visiting the Canyons of the Escalante and the Devil&#39;s Garden. The trail is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, being added to that list in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Route description</h2><br>
<p>The trail follows a 180 mi route starting near Escalante, Utah and ending in Bluff, Utah and is named for the place where the San Juan Mission of Mormon pioneers constructed a descent to the Colorado River. The natural crevice on the 1,000 ft cliff above the Colorado was enlarged by the party to lower the wagons down to river level, where it could be forded. The portion of the trail below the Hole-In-The-Rock is now flooded by Lake Powell. After the river crossing the trail continued past the Register Rocks, where the settlers recorded their names, now covered by the lake. The road rises through the Chute and across slickrock sandstone to Grey Mesa. Another difficult descent was required from Grey Mesa, requiring the party to cut a road from one ledge to another on the face of the mesa, taking a week. Another week was spent in constructing a road down Clay Hill Pass. Further on, blocked by Comb Ridge, the trail follows Comb Wash to San Juan Hill, where yet another road was built up the hill. The trail ends in Bluff.</p><br>
<p>Spring Beck is a minor watercourse flowing near and through the village of Weybourne in the north of the county of Norfolk.</p><br>
<h2>Course of the beck</h2><br>
<p>This short beck rises from a spring in a substantial hollow on the edge of Hundred Acre Wood in an area called Weybourne Pits, close to Weybourne railway station. From its source it flows under the track bed of the North Norfolk Railway and out across open farmland towards the village of Weybourne about 1 mi away.</p><br>
<p>By rights Spring Beck should flow down Beach Road on the northern side of the village, which clearly was the original watercourse, and indeed for a short way an upper overflow channel does just that. The beck&#39;s course was modified in the eighteenth century as part of the construction of a watermill and it was dammed to create a substantial mill pond.</p><br>
<p>The mill and mill pond can be found on Beach Road in Weybourne. Above the mill pond which is now very much silted up and overgrown with rushes, the beck runs round the side of the valley and crosses the A149 coast road near Weybourne Church, at a point some ten to fifteen feet above the lowest point on the road. Streams cannot do this unaided, of course, and indeed it follows an artificial course from some way behind the village, through a site marked: "The Remains of the Priory" and then on to the mill pond.</p><br>
<p>Water no longer flows through the mill today: the flume is blocked with pre-formed concrete slabs. The spillway is similarly reinforced and conducts the flow round the boundary of the watermill to join the tailrace below. The beck then flows through a culvert under the road to meet the water coming down the road from the upper overflow channel, then out into the marshes behind the shingle bank, often flooding the car park at the end of Beach Road.</p><br>
<h2>Weybourne watermill</h2><br>
<p>The watermill situated on Spring Beck is thought to have been built around 1729, The beck’s course was diverted to supply the millpond and power the overshot waterwheel that operated the mill. The beck’s natural course would have been down in the lower part of the gentle valley in which the village of Weybourne is located, probably alongside Beach Road. The diverted course takes a dogleg in the village and can be found to the west of the church and priory remains on higher ground. The millpond is now overgrown and silted up and the millrun has been blocked with concrete. The beck diverts around the old mill building today.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th century, this area of the coast had a reputation for smuggling. The watermill and much of the Weybourne area were owned by a man called William J. Bolding. It is reputed that he turned a blind eye to smuggled goods landed on the beaches bordering his property and was always duly rewarded with a couple of tubs left discreetly on the mill doorstep.</p><br>
<p>On Wong , more commonly known as Ah Louis, was a Chinese American banker, labor contractor, farmer, and shopkeeper in San Luis Obispo, California, during the late 19th and early 20th century. His Ah Louis Store building is on the National Register of Historic Places. Ah Louis was a central figure in the development of the Central Coast of California, serving as an organizer of Chinese laborers during the construction of the Pacific Coast Railway&#39;s Avila—Port Harford spur and the tunnels through Cuesta Grade over the Santa Lucia Range.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ah Louis traveled from his home in Guangdong Province, (today&#39;s) Greater Taishan Region, China, and arrived in California between 1856 and 1861 in order to strike it rich during the California Gold Rush. Unsuccessful at mining, he became a laborer working in Corvallis, Oregon and points further south.</p><br>
<p>Wong eventually settled in San Luis Obispo, California in 1870, and was working as a cook in a hotel there in 1871. Soon he began to organize work-crews to help construct the Pacific Coast Railroad, delivering 160 Chinese Americans from San Francisco by schooner.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, Ah Louis was awarded two large road construction contracts, including a road from Paso Robles, California to Cambria, California (now the westernmost portion of State Route 46) and the first stages of a road connecting San Luis Obispo to Paso Robles, California (now referred to as Cuesta Grade, a portion of which is still drivable and is labeled off the freeway as "Old Stagecoach Road" and a portion of USA Route 101). In 1884, Wong received the contract to construct the four Cuesta Grade tunnels for the Southern Pacific Railroad&#39;s coast route, requiring the provision of 2,000 laborers and taking ten years to complete.</p><br>
<h3>Store</h3><br>
<p>Seeing a need for the California Central Coast&#39;s Chinese community, Ah opened a small East Asian mercantile in 1874, the first in San Luis Obispo County, from which he sold goods, including rice, rum, and opium (opium use was legal until 1915).</p><br>
<p>The wooden structure was replaced by a sturdy brick building in 1885, made from bricks from his own brickyard, at 800 Palm Street on the corner of Chorro Street in downtown San Luis Obispo, marking where San Luis Obispos Chinatown once stood. The shop is currently owned by Dr. William Watson, MD, Ah Louiss great-grandson,</p><br>
<p>and the ground floor is now operated as a retail store.</p><br>
<p>The Ah Louis store has been designated as a California State Historical Landmark number 802, by the United States National Park Service and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Family</h2><br>
<p>Ah Louis married his first wife in China in 1860. She was in California in 1868, but returned to China about 1873. Wong last saw her in China in 1888. The 1880 census shows a wife living with him, but no children are shown.</p><br>
<p>In May 1889, Ah Louis married Eng Gon Ying (Silver Dove) in San Francisco. Together they raised their eight children (five sons and three daughters) in their residence above the Ah Louis Store.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 Eng Gon Ying Louis was murdered by Willie Wong, Ah Louis&#39; son from his first marriage.</p><br>
<p>Willie Louis was born about 1868. He testified in court he was born in California, that he went back to China with his mother about 1873, that he returned to California about 1893, that he made several trips back and forth, and that his latest arrival was about 1905. He was executed at San Quentin Prison in 1912.</p><br>
<p>In December 1932, accompanied by sons Fred and Howard,</p><br>
<p>Ah Louis returned to China, intending to visit family and to follow the tradition of dying where one was born. Disappointed with the lack of progress and modern technology and the high rate of banditry, Ah decided to return to San Luis Obispo. He died on December 18, 1936.</p><br>
<p>The youngest and last surviving of Ah Louis&#39; children, Howard Louis, who had a degree in economics and fought with Gen. George Patton, continued to run the store until the late 1990s and died on August 15, 2008, at the age of 100.</p><br>
<p>The store was damaged from the San Simeon earthquake in 2003 and afterwards condemned by the City of San Luis Obispo. Around this time, the store was fully acquired by William J. Watson, MD, who restored the building and its interior. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Shōwa Iōjima, also known as Shōwa Shintō, is one of the Satsunan Islands, usually classed with the Ōsumi Islands, belonging to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. A deserted volcanic island, it is located just off the northern shore of Iōjima, Kagoshima.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Shōwa Iōjima is one of the Ōsumi islands, and is located 2 km north of Iōjima. The island has an area of approximately 0.07 km&sup2; with a coastline of 1.3 km in length. The island is an exposed lava dome associated with the submarine Kikai Caldera, a stratovolcano rising from the ocean floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shōwa Iōjima came into existence during an eruption in 1934. On September 12, 1934, earthquakes began, continuing for several days. On September 17, a plume of ash and smoke erupted from the ocean surface, and by September 20 an island of ash and pumice began to form. Lava flows were confirmed on November 25, and on December 7, the existence of a new island was confirmed. The volcanic peak on the island reached a height of about 30 meters by December 23, but on December 30, the island sank beneath sea level and disappeared.</p><br>
<p>However, the island reemerged on January 5 and on January 19 a strong eruption with black clouds of volcanic smoke, ash, lava flows and an acidic rain began, continuing for several weeks. On March 8, residents of neighboring Iōjima made the first landing on the new island. By April 1, all volcanic activity and earthquakes ceased. At that time, the size of Shōwa Iōjima was estimated to be 0.18 km&sup2;. Subsequent erosion has reduced it to its present size.</p><br>
<p>Fiddler&#39;s Island is an island in the River Thames at Oxford in England. It is situated south of Port Meadow on the reach above Osney Lock.</p><br>
<p>The north part of the island sits between the River Thames and the top end of Castle Mill Stream, a Thames backwater. Fiddlers Island Stream flows to the east of the southern part of the island. To the south of the island, there is a short stretch of water known as the Sheepwash Channel linking back to the Castle Mill Stream and the Oxford Canal. The Thames Path runs the length of the complete island. At the northern end, the island has a row of trees along it. On the Castle Mill Stream side there is extensive mooring. The rainbow-shaped Medley Footbridge crosses the main stream of the Thames to the west at the northern end and a flat iron Bailey bridge crosses Castle Mill Stream further south, linking it to Port Meadow to the east. A small footbridge takes the Thames Path along the bank towards Osney Bridge. The northern part of Fiddlers Island is very thin. The southern part, connected by a footbridge, is wider. To the east is Cripley Meadow, largely consisting of allotments.</p><br>
<p>Fiddler&#39;s Island was authorised for public bathing by the Oxford City Council in 1852, probably the first place in Oxford to be approved by the council.</p><br>
<p>The Bay of Jorge Cárdenas  is a shallow bay on Cuba&#39;s northern shore, in the province of Matanzas.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It is located on the Cuban coast, facing the Nicholas Channel, and is delimited to the north by the Hicacos Peninsula. To the north-east it is flanked by cays of the Sabana-Camaguey Archipelago, such as Cayo Cruz del Padre, Cayo Galindo and Cayo Cinco Leguas. To the south-east it is bordered by the coastal wetlands and mangroves of Martí as well as the Bay of Santa Clara. The port and the city of Cárdenas are located on the south-eastern shore. The bay has a total area of more than 250 km&sup2;. An artificial navigation channel (Kawama Channel) connects the bay to the Straits of Florida south of the town of Varadero.</p><br>
<p>Other than the industrial port of Cardenas, other marinas lining the bay are located at Siguapa and Júcaro. The waters of the bay are also used for fishing lobster. On the southern shore, a combination of cays (Cayo Cupey) and causeways is used for oil extraction.</p><br>
<p>The bay was the stage of the Battle of Cárdenas on May 11, 1898, during the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>Ba Bể Lake  is the largest natural lake in Vietnam. It is located in Nam Mẫu commune, Ba Bể district, Bắc Kạn Province in the Northeast region of the country.</p><br>
<p>Having been formed approximately 200 million years ago, the lake is surrounded by limestone cliffs, which in turn are covered by primary forests. The lake comprises three zones named Pé Lầm, Pé Lù, and Pé Lèng. Three rivers, named Năng, Tả Han, and Nam Cường, are the main inflows of the lake. The Năng river enters the lake through a large waterfall called Đầu Đẳng. In the lake there are also three islands, named Án Mã, Khẩu Cúm, and Po Gia Mải (literally "Widow&#39;s Island").</p><br>
<p>Ba Bể Lake is a featured geographical science and is a biodiversity reservoir. It is a part of the Ba Bể National Park.</p><br>
<p>It is home to a range of animals and plants.</p><br>
<h2>The legend of Ba Be lake</h2><br>
<p>Once upon a time, there was a poor old woman. Villagers distrusted her because she seemed dirty and ugly-looking. Fortunately, she was eventually helped by a good-hearted mother and her daughter.</p><br>
<p>The truth was that the old lady was a fairy. She told the mother and daughter that the village and surrounding area were about to be struck by a natural disaster. Despite her warnings, no one believed her, except for the mother and daughter, who began to build a boat.</p><br>
<p>The next night, a terrible rainstorm began to engulf the village.</p><br>
<p>The mother and daughter, who had prepared their boat beforehand, survived and saved many people from drowning.</p><br>
<p>The village was subsequently submerged in water and gradually formed into the current Ba Bể Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Miyako Islands are a group of islands in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, east of the Yaeyama Islands. They are situated between the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan.</p><br>
<p>Miyako island has 55,914 people. A bridge connects Miyako Island to Ikema Island, which has 801 people. Tarama village has 1,214 people, between the two islands of Minna and Tarama.</p><br>
<h2>Inhabited islands</h2><br>
<p>*Miyako Islands (Miyako Subprefecture)</p><br>
<p>** Miyakojima City</p><br>
<p>***Ikema Island (Ikema-jima)</p><br>
<p>***Irabu Island (ja) (Irabu-jima)</p><br>
<p>***Kurima Island (ja) (Kurima-jima)</p><br>
<p>***Miyako Island (ja) (Miyako-jima)</p><br>
<p>***Ōgami Island (ja) (Ōgami-jima)</p><br>
<p>***Shimoji Island (Shimoji-shima)</p><br>
<p>** Tarama Village</p><br>
<p>***Minna Island (Minna-jima)</p><br>
<p>***Tarama Island (ja) (Tarama-jima)</p><br>
<p>Hedges Pond is a 26 acre pond in the Cedarville section of Plymouth, Massachusetts with access from Hedges Pond Rd. The pond is located more than one mile  north of Cedarville&#39;s business district past the Route 3 underpass, southeast of Black Jimmy Pond , and east of Little Herring Pond. Hedges Pond has no private residences on its shores.</p><br>
<p>Camp Dennen once occupied the eastern shore of the pond. The 30 acre camp, formerly owned by The Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts was acquired by the Town of Plymouth with Community Preservation Act Funds along with 60 acre of land along the western shore of the pond in 2008. After studying the best way to provide recreational uses,</p><br>
<p>the town opened Hedges Pond Recreational Area and Preserve on July 16, 2011, having completed phase 1 which includes a lifeguarded sandy beach, a bathhouse, picnic areas, a small playground and walking trails. There will also be an area for launching small non-motorized boats.</p><br>
<p>Further development is expected to provide tennis, basketball, open fields, extended beaches and picnic areas, and more extensive trails. Rehabilitation of five existing cabins is expected to enable overnight stays to accommodate a revenue-generating eight-week summer day camp. During the weeks that the day camp is in operation the park would only be open to the public on weekends.</p><br>
<p>Creag Mhòr is a Scottish mountain which stands in the ancient Forest of Mamlorn deer forest, it is located ten kilometres north east of Tyndrum on the border between the Perth and Kinross and Stirling council areas.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Creag Mhòr reaches a height of 1047 metres (3435 ft) and qualifies as a Munro and a Marilyn. It is commonly climbed with the neighbouring Munro of Beinn Heasgarnich, which stands 3.5 km to the NE, the two mountains form the high ground between Glen Lochay and Loch Lyon. Creag Mhòr is one of the remotest of the southern highlands being situated about eight kilometres from the nearest public road, it is surrounded by other high ground which make it difficult to get a good view of the mountain from any valley, and the best aspect is obtained from the surrounding peaks. The mountains name translates from the Gaelic as “Big Rock”, an unusual name for a hill which is mostly grassy, however its top has craggy areas and the name refers to a series of rocky buttresses near the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Creag Mhòr is composed of three ridges, the ESE ridge (Sròn nan Eun) descends to Glen Lochay at the habitation of Batavaime and gives the usual route of ascent from that glen. Another ridge also descends to Glen Lochay, this initially goes south from the summit before swinging SE down steep slopes, which need care, to reach the glen. These two ridges enclose Coire Cheathaich (Misty Corrie), a former royal hunting ground which was made famous by Duncan Ban MacIntyre, the Scottish Gaelic poet who worked as a gamekeeper in the area. He wrote the poem Òran Coire a Cheathaich (Song of the misty corrie) which gives a natural description of the corrie and its flora and fauna and includes the line "S rìomhach còta na Creige Mòire" (lovely is the coat of Creag Mhòr).</p><br>
<p>The south ridge includes the subsidiary summit of Stob nan Clach (956 m) which is listed as a top in Munro&#39;s Tables and is reached from the main summit by contouring round the head of Coire Cheathaich for a kilometre. A third ridge on the mountain goes north over the 895 metre subsidiary top of Meall Tionail (Hill of the Gathering) before dropping down to Glen Lyon. This north ridge can be used for access to or from Beinn Heasgarnich, as the ridge can be left after a short distance and Heasgarnich can be reached by going east over the boggy Bealach na Baintighearna (654 m). All rainfall on Creag Mhòr drains to the east coast of Scotland at the Firth of Tay, either via Glen Lyon or Glen Lochay.</p><br>
<p>Meall Tionail has an unusual geographic feature on its western slopes, it is marked on OS maps as Coire Chirdle, however it is not a corrie in the usual sense as there is no hollow cavity in the mountain. Instead there is a clearly marked semi circle (see picture) called an arcuate scarp below which is a bulge. This was probably created after the last Ice Age when the unstable hillside saturated by meltwater slipped down the steep slope. The nationally rare plant Bartsia Alpina grows on the slopes of Creag Mhòr, it is found as high as 950 metres, the highest occurrence in the U.K. It grows on brown loam soil on the mountains alkaline mica-schist rock.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Creag Mhòr is a rather isolated mountain and approaches require quite long walks to reach the foot of the hill. Ascents are possible from both the east and the west with the eastern approach from the road end in Glen Lochay being the most popular with guide book writers. This eastern approach starts at Kenknock (grid reference ) which is now the farthest it is possible to drive up Glen Lochay with locked gates stopping cars from going any further, however it is viable to use a mountain bike. It is a six kilometre journey west up the glen to reach Batavaime at the foot of the SE ridge from where the mountain can be climbed.</p><br>
<p>The approach from the west starts at Auch (grid reference ) on the A82 and goes under the viaduct of the West Highland Line, then SE up Glen Coralan and over the Corbett of Cam Chreag to reach Creag Mhòr. If continuing to Beinn Heasgarnich from the summit, a direct line NE is not recommended because the hillside is steep and rocky, instead use the north ridge as mentioned before heading east to the col between the two mountains to avoid dangerous ground.</p><br>
<p>The Sapang Baho River is a river system that runs through Rizal Province and Marikina in the Philippines. The name, when literally translated, means "smelly creek." It is one of 21 River tributaries of Laguna de Bay and is regularly monitored by the Laguna Lake Development Authority through one of its 15 river monitoring stations. Among its headwaters are the Hinulugang Taktak falls on the Taktak River in Antipolo city, once a famed tourist destination in the days before urbanization and pollution.</p><br>
<h2>Location, Mouth and Headwaters</h2><br>
<p>The Sapang Baho river originates in the mountains of Rizal Province, including upper portions of the city of Marikina, which has since become part of the Metro Manila. Its mouth, which once released water directly into Laguna de Bay, has been obscured by the construction of Manggahan floodway, into whose East bank it now drains at the barangay of San Francisco, Cainta, somewhere near San Francisco Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>The portion of the river cut off by the floodway still exists, visible at the opposite bank of the floodway at the Greenwoods Executive Village in Cainta, and ending at the original rivermouth where the shore of Taytay, Rizal meets Laguna de Bay.</p><br>
<p>The main body of the river actually meanders only a short distance between Taytay and Cainta, Rizal, where it branches out into smaller creeks at Village East Subdivision, near the LLDA water sampling station.</p><br>
<p>Creeks further upstream which serve as the headwaters of the Sapang Baho include (from West to East): Hakbangan Creek in Marikina; a creek at Barangay Mayamot, Antipolo; and furthest to the Southeast, the Taktak River and Hinulugang Taktak falls in Antipolo.</p><br>
<h2>Monitoring and Conservation</h2><br>
<p>In the December 2005 Water Quality Status Report listed on the LLDA&#39;s site, the Sapang Baho River was listed as "worse than Class D" with very low % Dissolved Oxygen saturation. It also indicated that this status had been "maintained" since the river was last monitored.</p><br>
<p>According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources&#39;s Water Usage & Classification for Fresh Water, Class D Quality freshwater is suitable for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering and industrial water supply class II. "Worse than Class D" means that the Sapang Bato is not usable for any of these functions.</p><br>
<p>The Sapang Baho has been noted to have a blue color which has been attributed to dissolved matter. This mixes with the water in Mangahan floodway, and from there to the Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Oakland Memorial Chapel is a historic church and academic building on the campus of Alcorn State University in rural southwestern Claiborne County, Mississippi. Built in 1838 as part of Oakland College, it is one of the oldest surviving buildings at Alcorn State, which took over that defunct school&#39;s campus after the American Civil War. Alcorn State was the first land grant university established specifically for the education of African Americans. The chapel was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Oakland Memorial Chapel occupies a prominent position on the campus of Alcorn State University, on the southwest side of ASU Drive, one of the rural campus&#39; circulation roads. It is a three story brick building with a gabled roof. Its ground for functions as a raised basement, with a colonnade of brick piers supporting a six-column Greek temple portico. The columns are of the Tuscan order, and support an entablature and full gabled pediment. A two-stage square wood frame tower rises above the roof ridge, with an elaborate second stage featuring fluted Doric columns, and an entablature with trighlyphs, metopes, and mutules. It is crowned by a low balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Oakland College was founded in 1828 by Reverend Jeremiah Chamberlain as part of a Presbyterian mission to educate the white children of the region. In 1851 Chamberlain, an abolitionist, was assassinated by a supporter of slavery, and the school was closed during the American Civil War. It failed to recover after the war, and closed again soon after reopening. Its assets were sold to the state in 1871. That same year the state established Alcorn State, as the first land grant university specifically for the education of African Americans. It is also believed to be the first state-supported school in the nation to graduate a black woman.</p><br>
<p>At the time the state acquired the campus, three buildings were standing from the Oakland College period. Of these, the chapel is the best preserved and architecturally most sophisticated.</p><br>
<p>Grenadier Island is a 1,290 acre island located 2 mi out from Mud Bay in the town of Cape Vincent, Jefferson County, New York, United States. The island is 2.3 mi long and 1.4 mi wide.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grenadier Islands first official settlement was by John Mitchel in the early 19th century, followed by the Bedford family. At least 14 families had settled upon the island prior to the official grant of a land patent in 1824, and these prior inhabitants were reluctant to give up their holdings as the islands land began to be sold by the new owners. Early industry on the island consisted primarily of fishing, in addition to lumbering and farming.</p><br>
<p>It was visited by General James Wilkinson and his troops after retreating from the St. Lawrence River in 1812, when he landed his fleet in Basin Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The island was at one time alternately known as Isle aux Chevreuils.</p><br>
<h2>Extant buildings</h2><br>
<p>There are three buildings from the 19th century still standing on the island: The Schoolhouse, the Humphrey farm house, and the Stone House. The Stone House is located in the northeast corner of the island, while the Humphrey house and Schoolhouse are both in the middle of the island, closer to the northern shore.</p><br>
<h3>Schoolhouse</h3><br>
<p>The Grenadier Island Schoolhouse is located in the middle of the island. It has a single room with an outhouse situated behind it. In the early 20th century it had around 13 students. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Humphrey farm house</h3><br>
<p>The Humphrey farm house, also known as the "Carbide House", was a two story home with a basement and an attic. The house has been abandoned for many decades, and has been gradually falling in upon itself for many years (as of 2014).</p><br>
<p>Hole in the Rock is a narrow and steep crevice in the western rim of Glen Canyon, in southern Utah in the western United States. Together with another canyon on the eastern side of the Colorado River, it provided a route through what would otherwise be a large area of impassable terrain.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 1879, the Mormon San Juan Expedition was seeking a route from south-central Utah to their proposed colony in the far southeastern corner of the state. Rejecting two longer routes, they chose a more direct path that initially took them along the relatively benign terrain beneath the Straight Cliffs of the Kaiparowits Plateau. However, when this led them to the 1200-foot (400 m) sandstone cliffs that surround Glen Canyon, they needed a way to cross to the eastern rim. They found (and named) Hole in the Rock, a narrow, steep, and rocky crevice and sandy slope that led down to the river. Directly across the river was Cottonwood Canyon, a tempting route up to Wilson Mesa on the other side.</p><br>
<p>They worked for months to prepare the road, using blasting powder to widen the upper section and hand chisels to carve anchor points directly into the sandstone. On January 26, 1880 the expedition (250 people, 83 full-sized wagons, and over 1000 head of livestock) began their descent to the river. Wagons were heavily roped, and teams of men and oxen used to lower them through the upper crevice, which has slopes approaching 45°. Further down, a wooden track had been constructed along a slickrock sandstone slope. Posts in drilled holes supported horizontal beams to allow passage of the wagons.</p><br>
<p>After an even more difficult journey on the east side of the river, the expedition founded the community of Bluff in southeastern Utah. They used the Hole in the Rock route as a supply road for only a year before replacing it with an easier route to the north, at Halls Crossing. Decades later, miners of the Hoskaninni Mining Company carved steps onto the same path used by the Mormon pioneers. The blasting holes, anchor points, and gouges from the hubs of the expeditions wagons are still visible in the walls of the crevice.</p><br>
<p>Hole in the Rock can be reached today via two routes. The primitive Hole in the Rock Trail, which closely follows the path of the 1879 expedition, runs southeast from near the town of Escalante to a parking area just above the crevice. Alternatively, the bottom of the route can be accessed by boat, at buoy 66 on Lake Powell in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>The Hole in the Rock was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Baptist Church in the Collegeville neighborhood of Birmingham, Alabama served as headquarters from 1956 to 1961 for the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights , which was led by Fred Shuttlesworth and active in the Birmingham during the Civil Rights Movement. The ACMHR focused on legal and nonviolent direct action against segregated accommodations, transportation, schools and employment discrimination. It played a crucial role in the 1961 Freedom Ride that resulted in federal enforcement of USA Supreme Court and Interstate Commerce Commission rulings to desegregate public transportation.</p><br>
<p>Fred Shuttlesworth served as pastor from 1953 to 1961. The church buildings were bombed on three separate occasions, first on December 25, 1956, again on June 29, 1958, and lastly on December 14, 1962.</p><br>
<p>The church complex was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on November 13, 1996. On 1 January 2008 the US Government submitted it to UNESCO as part of an envisaged future World Heritage nomination and as such it is on the so-called UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<p>Bottle Creek Indian Mounds  is an archaeological site located on a low swampy island within the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta north of Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was occupied by the peoples of the Pensacola culture, a regional Mississippian culture variant, and is the largest site of the Mississippian culture on the central Gulf Coast. It is important to understanding the history and culture of the Mobile-Tensaw delta in late prehistoric times and has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was occupied between 1250 and 1550, and served as the focal point for interaction with other Mississippian culture areas along the coast and the interior of the Southeastern United States. It is located on Mound Island in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, north of present-day Mobile, and includes 18 platform mounds, the tallest being roughly 45 ft high. Five of those eighteen mounds are arranged around the central plaza. It was the largest Mississippian chiefdom on the north-central Gulf Coast. It is difficult to reach by foot; however it would have been easily accessed by dugout canoes, the primary mode of transportation of the peoples in the region. It lies near the confluence of the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. The streams become a maze of branches and bayous at the head of Mobile Bay. The site was a ceremonial center for the Pensacola people, as well as a social, political, religious, and trade center for the Mobile Delta region and the central Gulf Coast.</p><br>
<p>Bottle Creek site was first mapped in the 1880s, but its location in the middle of the delta, completely surrounded by swamp and hidden by immense cypress trees, made it inaccessible. This protected it from most of the plundering that occurred at similar sites in the Southeast. It was a ceremonial center for the Pensacola people and served as a gateway to their society despite its seemingly remote location. It was first professionally investigated in 1932 when David L. DeJarnette, of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, began his work there to determine if the site had a cultural relationship with Moundville, connected to the north by a river system.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Packer&#39;s National Bank Building is located at 4939 South 24th Street in the South Omaha Main Street Historic District in south Omaha, Nebraska. It was built in 1907. In 1984, it was designated an Omaha Landmark and, in 1985, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Thomas Kimball in the Second Renaissance Revival Style, the Packers National Bank Building was the home of Packer’s National Bank. The bank was originally established in 1891, and its growth was closely tied to the Omaha Stockyards. Many of the bank’s early officers were executives in Omahas meat packing industry. The bank left the building in 1979 and, in 1984, the building was renovated for use as offices and apartments.</p><br>
<p>Camp Uncas, began in 1890, was the second Adirondack Great Camp built by William West Durant for his own use, after Camp Pine Knot, which he sold to industrialist Collis P. Huntington, due to financial difficulties. It was built on the shore of 110 acre Lake Mohegan, near Sagamore Camp. Uncas was completed in two years.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The camp was built of logs felled on the property, and all iron hardware was forged on site. In the main lodge and dining hall, the log construction was unusual in that the logs were not interlocked, as in conventional log buildings, but rather were pinned together at beveled corners. The scale is massive: the dining hall is 24 by, the walls 12 ft high at the eves with a cathedral ceiling 20 ft high at the ridge, with a huge fireplace on one side. Floors, walls and ceilings were all of polished planks and peeled and polished natural logs.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, Durant sold Uncas to J. Pierpont Morgan with 1,100 acre. After Morgan&#39;s death in 1913, the camp stayed in the Morgan family until 1947, when it was sold to the widow of Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, who also owned Sagamore. General and Mrs. George Marshall, as guests of Mrs. Vanderbilt, entertained Madame Chiang Kai-shek at Uncas in 1949. Mrs. Vanderbilt left Uncas to a foundation, which sold it; eventually it was bought by the Rockland County Boy Scouts who used it as a camp. In 1975, it was returned to private use.</p><br>
<p>The camp was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and was listed there in 1987. The camp was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Beebe and Runyan Furniture Showroom and Warehouse is located at 105 South 9th Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1998, and is a contributing property to the Warehouses in Omaha Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1913, the building is eight stories, and is made of brick and hollow tile. It was designed in the Renaissance Revival style for the Beebe and Runyan Furniture Company. The Leo A. Daly Sr. architecture firm designed a $10 million conversion of the Beebe and Runyan Furniture Showroom and Warehouse into a condominium, which was completed by the Boca Development Company in 2007. The building includes thermal insulated windows, reclaimed maple wood floor, exposed beamed ceilings and brick walls, and energy efficiency heat pumps backed by electric furnaces, along with other environmental and energy-efficient features.</p><br>
<p>Locust Lawn is a surviving 19th-century farm complex situated on the bank of the Plattekill Creek on New York State Route 32 South, outside of New Paltz, Ulster County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of Locust Lawn is the Jeffersonian mansion of Colonel Josiah Hasbrouck which remains without modern heating, plumbing and electrical systems. The site also features the earlier Evert Terwilliger House.</p><br>
<p>Locust Lawn has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974. The site was donated to Historic Huguenot Street by Hasbrouck descendant Annette Young in 1958. In 2010 the house and collections were transferred to the Locust Grove Estate, another museum property founded by Annette Young. The site is open to the public by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Josiah Hasbrouck House</h2><br>
<p>In 1805, Josiah Hasbrouck returned from his first stint in USACongress during the administration of Thomas Jefferson eager to create for his family a home worthy of their position in the small but growing community, which was founded by Huguenots in 1678. Hasbrouck was a descendant of Huguenot Jean Hasbrouck, one of the founders, or patentees, of New Paltz. In addition to his service in Congress, Hasbrouck served with the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War, in the New York State Assembly and as New Paltz town supervisor</p><br>
<p>Along with his wife Sara Decker, Hasbrouck purchased the Terwilliger family homestead a few miles south of the village of New Paltz. At the time, the site was a small farm and mill and featured a modest stone house built 67 years earlier. Over the next several years, Hasbrouck acquired additional acreage, ultimately increasing the size of the farm to 1,200 acre. He also set about building a dramatic Federal style mansion, which was completed in 1814.</p><br>
<p>The 3-story house features a center arched doorway and a symmetrical arrangement of windows. In the back of the house, there is a -story kitchen wing. Inside, the arrangement of rooms on the first and second floors is, for the most part, symmetrical as well, with rooms opening up from a wide center hallway. Faux marble plaster walls in the first-floor hallway date to 1814.</p><br>
<p>The home was lived in by Josiah and Sarahs descendants until 1885, when the family locked all of their belongings in one half of the house and rented the remainder to tenants who farmed the surrounding land. So things remained for almost 75 years, when the house was donated to Historic Huguenot Street. Today, the house features many of the Hasbroucks family possessions set up as they were when the house was occupied by Josiah, Sarah and their descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Evert Terwilliger House</h2><br>
<p>The homestead Josiah Hasbrouck bought in 1805 was originally settled by Evert Terwilliger, a Dutch man, in 1738 after he married Sara Freer. Sara was the daughter of Hugo Freer, one of the French-speaking Huguenot founders, or patentees, of New Paltz. Evert and Sara&#39;s son Jonathan expanded the home in 1764. The house is a good example of the Dutch-style stone houses built in this region during the eighteenth century. One and a half stories in height, the house originally had a gable-end entry (similar to that which still exists in the Bevier-Elting House at Historic Huguenot Street). A porch running the length of the house, another feature of front-gable Dutch houses in America and the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries, overlooks the Plattekill Creek. This creek and the falls just beyond the house were used by the Terwilliger family to operate a grist mill and saw mill at the site. The house was acquired by Historic Huguenot Street in 1973 with the financial assistance of the then newly formed Terwilliger Family Association. The Terwilliger Family Association continues to support the maintenance and preservation of the home.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet Island Pavilion, currently known as the Clarence W. Wigington Pavilion, is a park pavilion on Harriet Island just across the Mississippi River from downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota. It was designed by Clarence W. Wigington, the nation&#39;s first black municipal architect, and renamed for Wigington after a 2000 restoration. Harriet island was named for Harriet Bishop, a Baptist school teacher from Vermont. She arrived in Saint Paul in 1847, was involved in the temperance movement, and opened the first school in the frontier city, teaching children of diverse ethnic, racial, and religious backgrounds.</p><br>
<p>The park at Harriet Island was built by Dr. Justus Ohage, St. Paul&#39;s health officer, who donated the land to the city in 1900. His idea for the park was to build a place for healthy living in the center of the city. The park originally had a public bathhouse and beach, along with amenities like playgrounds, picnic grounds, handball and tennis courts, and a bandstand. The park was initially very popular, but pollution from the Mississippi River forced the bathhouse to close in 1919. The city made several attempts to revitalize the park, but none of the attempts was particularly successful until the Works Progress Administration built the pavilion in 1941-1942. The architecture combines Moderne design with classical influences.</p><br>
<p>The Mankato-Kasota stone used in the construction was salvaged from the former St. Paul City Hall-Ramsey County Courthouse, which was built in 1889 and demolished in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The Nannie Helen Burroughs School, formerly known as National Training School for Women and Girls, was a private coeducational elementary school at 601 50th Street NE in Washington, D.C. The school was founded in 1909 by Nannie Helen Burroughs as The National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls, Inc. and was the first school in the nation to provide vocational training for African-American females, who did not otherwise have many educational opportunities available to them. The 1928 Trades Hall building, the oldest building on the campus, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991. The property now houses the headquarters of the Progressive National Baptist Convention and the Monroe School, a private junior-senior high school that continues Burroughs&#39; legacy.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Nannie Helen Burroughs School property consists of 6 acre at the southeast corner of 50th Street NE and Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue NE. There are four buildings on the hilly campus, of which the 1928 Trades Hall is the furthest east. The largest building in the group is a school building built in 1971 that now houses the Monroe School. The Trades Hall now houses the offices of the Progressive Baptist National Conference. It is a two-story brick building, set into the hillside so that it presents two stories in front and one in the rear. It is finished in light brick trimmed with dark brick. A stringcourse of soldier bricks separates the floors. The building was constructed in 1927-28, and Mary McLeod Bethune was the featured speaker at its dedication.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 Nannie Helen Burroughs established the National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls, one of the nation&#39;s first vocational training school for African-American girls and women. The school offered training in domestic arts and various vocations, and also gave religious instruction. It was the first school to offer all of these services in a single facility. It was also distinguished in having a stronger academic component than other period schools for African Americans, which generally focused on vocational training. It was supported by the National Baptist Convention and funded and managed entirely by African-Americans. It attracted students from as far away as Africa</p><br>
<p>The school expanded its offerings in the 1920s, providing a wider array of vocational skills training. It closed briefly in 1953, but resumed operation. Nannie Helen Burroughs ran the school until her death in 1961, and in 1964 it was renamed in her honor. Today, her legacy is continued by the Monroe School, which operates in a 1971 school building on the campus. The Trade School building, which was the school&#39;s main building for many years, now houses the offices of the Progressive National Baptist Convention.</p><br>
<p>Cahill School is a one-room schoolhouse now located in Tupa Park near Minnesota State Highway 100 and Eden Avenue in Edina, Minnesota, United States. It is the oldest remaining building in Edina, and served as a schoolhouse, church, community center, and theater over its 94-years in use. The school continued to be used with its woodstove and outhouse until it closed in 1958. It was moved to its present location from the southeast corner of Cahill Road and West 70th Street in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The school is open for school field trips and special events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cahill was an Irish community located in the western half of what was then Richfield Township. Hugh Darcy sold a two-acre property on the southeast corner of Cahill Road and West 70th Street to the school district on June 27, 1864, for five dollars. Named for Catholic missionary priest Thomas Cahill,</p><br>
<p>Cahill School operated continuously from its founding until 1958 when the building was closed. The school moved to a brick building that was later demolished. The wood frame building was restored in 1969 and relocated to Frank Tupa Park, adjacent to Minnehaha Grange Hall.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Campbell Mansion, also known as Campbell Mansion or Alexander Campbell House was the home of minister Alexander Campbell and his family in West Virginia. His wife Margaret&#39;s father John Brown had owned a large amount of property in Bethany, including this; the house dates to 1793.</p><br>
<p>Known as the "sage of Bethany", Campbell was one of the most prominent early leaders of the Restoration Movement in United States Christianity, beginning in 1812, which resulted in formation of numerous congregations of the Disciples of Christ and Churches of Christ. He founded Bethany College in 1840, gaining a charter by the Virginia legislature and offering land and funds for the institution. He served as its first president.</p><br>
<p>The mansion, together with adjacent buildings and an associated cemetery property nearby, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994. It is located just off West Virginia Route 67 in Bethany.</p><br>
<p>Minnehaha Grange No. 398 was organized on December 23, 1873, with members from Edina Mills, Richfield Mills, St. Louis Park, and Hopkins. The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, commonly known as the Grange, is an organization dedicated to the principles of "progressive agriculture" for the "social fraternity of the farmers". The organization was founded in 1867 by Oliver Hudson Kelley in Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota and quickly spread across the country. The fraternity tackled issues such as railroad prices, and providing education to farmers.</p><br>
<p>The Grange Hall was moved to Tupa Park near Minnesota State Highway 100 and Eden Avenue in Edina, Minnesota from its original location at the southeast corner of Wooddale Avenue and West 50th Street.</p><br>
<p>The building also served as Edina Village Hall from 1888 to 1942.</p><br>
<p>The building is now owned by the Edina Historical Society along with the adjacent Cahill School, which are open for tour by appointment.</p><br>
